DIN 461-1973 Graphical Representation in Systems of Coordinates《坐标系图解表示法》.pdf

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1、DEUTSCHE NORMEN Ilarch 1973 c - c O y Q U o c m o .- - L m YI YI a d z E n Z c -5 - 0 o U C U x C .- E 8 c ._ E 3 u: 2 3 .- a y o 4 $ f 7 2 Graphical Representation in Systems of Coordinates Graphische Darstellung in Koordinatensystemen I. Object and scope This Standard contains stipulations for uni

2、fied, unambiguous and clear graphical representation of functional relationships between continuous variables, e.g. for scientific and technical pub- lications. Where appropriate, however, it can also be used for slides and for representations on normal commercial graph papers. According to whether

3、numerical values are to be read off from thc graphical representation or not, a distinction is made between quantitative and qualitative rep- resentations. Graphical representations in coordinate systems are referred to for short as d i a r a m s below. !Chis Standard applies, where appropriate, als

4、o to fmction sedea, net- work dfagranis, straight-line diagrams ad other 2. General 2.1. Coordinate axes In a plane rectangular Cartesian coordinate system, increas- ing values of the variables are read from the origin of the two axes preferentially towards the right and upwards and decreasing value

5、s towards the left and downwards. In each case an arrow-head at the end of the a b s c i s 8 a a x i s a x i a (Y axis - vertical axis) shows the direction of increasing value of the coordinate. The symbols for the var- iables (which should be written sloping) in this case are placed under the horiz

6、ontal arrowhead and beside the vertical arrow-head on the left (see Figure 1 a). n o m o g r a m s . (X axis - horizontal axis) and the o r d i n a t e The arrows, where space is available, may also be drawn parallel to the axes (see Figurelb). In this case, symbols or denominations are placed at th

7、e tail of the arrows. y The symbole for the variable plotted in the ordinate direc- tion shall be legible without turning the diagram. If it is impossible to avoid long equations or words written in hill on the vertical axis, the lettering should be legible from horizontally next to the arrow-head f

8、or the ordinate axis on the right (see Figures 3, 13); they can however also be placed lJ- the right (e.g. for slides, see DM 108). hi In the polar coordinate system, the horizontal axis normally corresponds with zero angle. Positive angle is plotted counter clockwise and negative angle clockwise (s

9、ee DIN 1312). The direction of measurement “! Figure 1. along the radius is usually from the ori in (pole) outwards (see Figures 2 a and 2 by. 2.2. Familg of curves If the diagram contains not merely one curve but a number of curves, then the parameter ia written against each curve (characteristic)

10、of the family or the individual curves are given sloping reference numbers (see Figure 3) or vertical reference letters (see Figure 6) the meaning of which should be keyed, pref- erably in the caption to the figure. 2.3. Several dependent variables If several dependent variables are plotted against

11、the same independent variable, it is possible to use the same type of line (see Figure 4) for all curves if clarity permits this. If necessaqy, different t es of line (broken linea, chain linea etc.yshould be used (see Figure 14). It is also possible to use different colours but these should not be

12、the only distinguish- ing characteristics. If the same type of line is used, the different curves should be char- acterized by indication of the variables represented, by means of their symbols (see Figure 4 or by reference numbers (see Figure 3 or letters (see Figure 6). When different types of lin

13、e are used their meaning should be explained, preferably in the caption to the Iigure. - - - - r- a) b) Figure 2. I Duration of storage g E _“u Alleinverkauf der Normbltter durch Beutherlag GmbH, Berlin 30 und Kln DnU 461 engl. Preiagr Bigure 3. Continued on pages 2 to 6 Page 2 DM 461 _2:4-,_-_ree=b

14、irneoslooal_coorbioa4es In three-dimensional rectangular Cartesian coordinate systems, it is possible to represent functions of two variables by means of “function surfaces“. The triaxial coordinate systems are drawn in axonometric projection according to DIN 5 (see Figure 5). J. Qualitative represe

15、ntation With qualitative representation (in the form of an overall diagram) all that is shown is simply the characteristic variation of mutually dependent variables wttose relationehip is shown in the form of a cume. In accordance with the object of qualitative representation, the coordinate system

16、is not divid- ed. However the coordinates of significant points should be given, e. eignificant magnitudes indicated by symbols (such as b in Figures I a and I b), marking by circles (in Figures 3, 4 and 11) or by numbering. With qualitative repreeentation, in all cases linear scales are assumed on

17、both axes. On either axis it is also possible to write the variable 5s a function of another variable, c.g. (see Figure 6), log (f/fo) (see Figure II) or z . Isi these cases, when significant points are indicated care should be taken in identifying these (see for example the difference in identify-

18、ing the maximum values for cumes 2 in Figure IO and Figure II). l/x 4. Quantitative representation g M + B o* o3 xg: 5 t A axonometric projections, isometric projection Sheet 2 Drawing practice; axonometric projections, dimetric projection Sheet I Lines in drawings; types of line, line widths, appli

19、cation Sheet 2 Lines in drawings; examples of application Sheet I Standard lettering, sloping style, for use in drawings; general, sizes of 1 ettering Sheet 2 Standard lettering, sloping style, for use in drawing8;medium-spaced letter- Sheet 3 Standard lettering, sloping style, for use in drawings;c

20、lose-spaced letter- ing Sheet 1 Standard lettering, vertical style, for use in drawings; general, sizes of lettering Sheet 2 Standard lettering, vertical style, for use in drawings; medium-spaced 1 et tering Sheet 3 Standard lettering, vertical style, for use in drawings; close-spaced lettering Shee

21、t 2 Slide projection; technical slides, masters, preparation, testing, projec- in tion conditions Sheet 2 Preferred numbers; decimal-geometric series, explanations, instructions for use, calculating with preferred numbers Drawings (illustrations) for printing purposes, drawings intended for the prod

22、uc- tion of printing plates and blocks Units; names and symbols nathematical symbols General SpbOl8 for use in formulae Geometrical orientation nethod of writing physical equations for science and engineering Angular units, angular divisions Letters, figures and.symbols in equations Sheet I Greek le

23、ttering; handwritten styles for use in formulae in drawings and for making blocks and diapositives Sheet 2 Greek lettering; handwritten styles for use in constructional drawings and signatures Scales for graphical representations (at present circulating as draft) Symbols for time dependent variables

24、 Logarithmic relationships between variables Enineering drawings; directions for preparing Sheetlto Sheet 6 Types of script for lettering technical products Double logarithmic papers with a 2 : 1 division of the axes Logarithmic papers for frequency curves in the audio frequency range Acoustics; polar coordinate papers