BS ISO 16345-2014 Water-cooling towers Testing and rating of thermal performance《水冷却塔 热性能测试和评价》.pdf

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1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 16345:2014Water-cooling towers Testing and rating of thermalperformanceBS ISO 16345:2014 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 16345:2014.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee RHE/1

2、7, Testing of air conditioning units.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Instit

3、ution 2014. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2014ISBN 978 0 580 58177 9ICS 27.080Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 June 2014.Amendments issued si

4、nce publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 16345:2014 ISO 2014Water-cooling towers Testing and rating of thermal performanceTours de refroidissement de leau Essais et dtermination des caractristiques de performanceINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO16345First edition2014-06-01Reference numberISO 16345:2014(E)BS

5、ISO 16345:2014ISO 16345:2014(E)ii ISO 2014 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2014All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or po

6、sting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrigh

7、tiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 16345:2014ISO 16345:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword v1 Scope . 12 Terms and definitions . 13 Symbols and abbreviations . 74 Performance tests General 104.1 Application of standard 104.2 Test schedule . 114.3 Pretest

8、agreements 114.4 Flexibility 115 Objective of tests 125.1 General 125.2 Basis of guarantee . 125.3 Form of the guarantee documents 126 Test preparation 176.1 Purpose . 176.2 Test scheduling and site preparation . 176.3 Tower physical condition 186.4 Provisions for instrumentation . 196.5 Fan driver

9、input power . 226.6 Site conditions 236.7 Miscellaneous 237 Instrumentation and test setup .247.1 Calibration . 247.2 Flow measurements 247.3 Temperature measurements 247.4 Pressure measurements 267.5 Fan/pump driver power 277.6 Wind velocity (speed and direction) . 277.7 Tower pump head 287.8 Water

10、 or process fluid analysis 288 Execution of test .288.1 Requirements for testing type 288.2 Basic tests . 288.3 Extended tests 329 Evaluation of tests 349.1 General 349.2 Computation of test period values from test reading values .349.3 Basic thermal performance test evaluation (for all tower types)

11、 389.4 Extended thermal performance test evaluation (applicable to natural draft towers, only if required by contract) . 5110 Reporting of results 5510.1 General 5510.2 Final report . 5510.3 Security . 5510.4 Limitations . 5611 Published ratings 56Annex A (normative) Instruments and measurements .57

12、Annex B (normative) Wet-bulb determination .63Annex C (normative) Inlet-air temperature measurement locations .68BS ISO 16345:2014ISO 16345:2014(E)iv ISO 2014 All rights reservedAnnex D (normative) Thermodynamic properties of moist air 71Annex E (informative) Values of crossflow correction factor 84

13、Annex F (informative) Example evaluation of an open-circuit, mechanical draft cooling tower test using the performance curve method .86Annex G (informative) Example evaluation of an open-circuit, mechanical draft cooling tower test using the characteristic curve method .95Annex H (normative) Example

14、 evaluation of a natural draft cooling tower test using the performance curve method 102Annex I (normative) Example evaluation of a natural draft cooling tower using the extended test method . 119Annex J (normative) Example evaluation of an open-circuit, wet/dry, mechanical draft cooling tower . 125

15、Annex K (normative) Example evaluation of a closed-circuit cooling tower test using the performance curve method 138Annex L (informative) Alternative measurements of test L/G 144Annex M (informative) Precheck list . 147Bibliography . 150BS ISO 16345:2014ISO 16345:2014(E)ForewordISO (the Internationa

16、l Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been es

17、tablished has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardi

18、zation.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance w

19、ith the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any

20、 patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.

21、For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible fo

22、r this document is ISO/TC 86, Refrigeration and air-conditioning, Subcommittee SC 6, Testing and rating of air-conditioners and heat pumps. ISO 2014 All rights reserved vBS ISO 16345:2014BS ISO 16345:2014Water-cooling towers Testing and rating of thermal performance1 ScopeThis International Standard

23、 covers the measurement of the thermal performance and pumping head of open- and closed-circuit, mechanical draft, wet and wet/dry cooling towers and natural draft and fan-assisted natural draft, wet and wet/dry cooling towers. The standard rating boundaries for series mechanical draft, open- and cl

24、osed-circuit cooling towers are specified.This International Standard does not apply to the testing and rating of closed-circuit towers where the process fluid undergoes a change in phase as it passes through the heat exchanger or where the thermophysical properties of the process fluid are not avai

25、lable.2 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. The symbols used to identify the terms contained in this International Standard are listed and defined in Clause 3.2.1airflow ratetotal amount of dry air and associated vapour water moving thro

26、ugh the cooling tower2.2ambient air conditionsatmosphere adjacent to, but not affected by, the cooling tower2.3approachdifference between cold (re-cooled) water temperature and the inlet-air wet-bulb temperature2.4approach deviationdeviation between the guaranteed and adjusted test approach2.5atmosp

27、heric gradient (lapse rate)average rate of change of dry-bulb temperature with change in altitude from cold water basin curb, or sill, level to around twice the height of the cooling towerNote 1 to entry: The convention for use with this International Standard will be to use a negative value for dec

28、rease in temperature as height increases.2.6average wind directionpredominant direction of the wind over the duration of the test period2.7average wind speedarithmetical average of wind speed measurements taken over the duration of the test period2.8barometric pressureatmospheric pressure taken over

29、 the duration of each test periodINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16345:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 16345:2014ISO 16345:2014(E)2.9basinopen structure located beneath the cooling tower for collecting the circulating water and directing it to the sump or suction line of the circulating pump

30、2.10basin curbtop elevation of the tower basinNote 1 to entry: Usually the datum from tower elevations is measured.2.11blowdownwater discharged from the system to control the concentration of salts or other impurities in the circulating water2.12capabilitymeasured thermal capacity of a cooling tower

31、, expressed as a percentage of the design water flow rate2.13cellsmallest subdivision of the tower, bounded by exterior walls and partition walls, which can function as an independent unitNote 1 to entry: Each cell can have one or more fans or stacks and one or more distribution systems.2.14cell dim

32、ensionsdimensions that describe the size of a cooling tower cellNote 1 to entry: The dimensions includea) dimension perpendicular to the tower longitudinal axis and usually at right angles to the air inlet faces,b) length: dimension parallel to the longitudinal axis and the plane where air inlets ar

33、e usually located, andc) height: on induced draft towers, the distance from the basin curb to the top of the fan deck, but not including the fan stack.Note 2 to entry: On forced and natural draft towers, the distance from the basin curb to the discharge plane of the tower.2.15closed-circuit cooling

34、towercooling tower comprised of a water flow loop re-circulating over the outside of a closed-circuit heat exchanger containing the process fluid loopNote 1 to entry: Air is drawn through the water passing over the outside of the closed-circuit heat exchanger, enabling cooling by evaporation. No dir

35、ect contact occurs between the process fluid loop and the open evaporative cooling loop.2.16cold (re-cooled water temperature) waterin an open cooling tower, the average temperature of the water entering the tower basinNote 1 to entry: The convention from here on will be to use the term “cold water”

36、 in ISO 16245.Note 2 to entry: In the case where the measurement is downstream of the basin or the pump, corrections are needed for the effects of the pump and any other makeup water, blowdown, or heat sources entering the basin.2 ISO 2014 All rights reservedBS ISO 16345:2014ISO 16345:2014(E)2.17coo

37、ling rangedifference between the hot and cold water or process fluid temperaturesNote 1 to entry: The term range is also applied to this definition, but is regarded as a non-preferred term.2.18cooling towerapparatus in which process fluid is cooled by evaporative heat exchange with ambient air2.19co

38、unter-flowsituation in which air and water flow in opposite direction within the cooling tower2.20cross-flowsituation in which air flows perpendicularly to the water flow within the cooling tower2.21discharge plumedischarge air stream of the cooling tower when made visible (wholly or in part) by the

39、 condensation of water vapour as the moist air stream is cooled to ambient temperature2.22distribution systemsystem for receiving the water entering the cooling tower and distributing it over the area where it contacts the atmospheric air2.23drift eliminatorassemblies downstream of the heat transfer

40、 media which serve to reduce the drift loss2.24drift lossportion of the water flow rate lost from the tower in the form of fine droplets mechanically entrained in the discharge air stream, commonly expressed as mass per unit time or a percentage of the circulating water flow rateNote 1 to entry: It

41、is independent of water lost by evaporation.2.25dry-bulb temperaturetemperature of an air-vapour mixture indicated by a thermometer with a clean, dry sensing element that is shielded from radiation effectsNote 1 to entry: Dry-bulb temperature can be further categorised as eithera) ambient dry-bulb t

42、emperature: the dry-bulb temperature of air measured windward of the tower and free from the influence of the tower orb) entering dry-bulb temperature: the dry-bulb temperature of the air entering the tower, including the effect of any re-circulation and/or interference.2.26entering air conditionsav

43、erage characteristics of the airflow entering the cooling tower2.27fan powerpower consumed by the fan driver, which might or might not include the efficiency of the driver, depending on the contract ISO 2014 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 16345:2014ISO 16345:2014(E)2.28fill (pack)devices placed in the

44、cooling tower within the heat exchange section for the purpose of enhancing the surface area and/or the rate of heat transfer from the water stream to the air stream2.29final test resultaverage of the results from the minimum number of valid test periods2.30flow ratequantity of hot process fluid to

45、be cooled by the tower2.31fluid typetype of process fluid to be cooled by the tower2.32fouling factorsexpression of reduction of heat transfer capability caused by internal and/or external contamination of the heat exchanger2.33heat exchanger pressure droppressure drop of the process fluid across th

46、e contractual inlet and outlet locations of the heat exchanger(s) of a closed-circuit or wet/dry cooling tower, adjusted for elevation and velocity2.34heat loadrate of heat removal from the process fluid within the tower2.35hot process fluid temperatureaverage temperature of the process fluid enteri

47、ng the heat exchanger in a closed-circuit tower2.36hot water temperatureaverage temperature of the inlet water in an open-circuit cooling tower2.37interferencethermal contamination of air entering the cooling tower by a source extraneous to the tower, generally another cooling tower2.38L/Gratio of t

48、otal mass flow rates of liquid (water) over gas (dry air) in an open-circuit cooling tower2.39makeupwater added to the system to replace the water lost by evaporation, drift, blowdown, and leakage2.40mechanical draft cooling towercooling tower where the air circulation is produced by a fanNote 1 to

49、entry: Mechanical draft cooling towers can be further categorised as eithera) forced draft: the fan is located in the entering air stream orb) induced draft: the fan is located in the discharge air stream.4 ISO 2014 All rights reservedBS ISO 16345:2014ISO 16345:2014(E)2.41natural draft cooling towercooling tower wherein the air circulation is produced by a difference in density between the cooler air outside the cooling tower and the warmer, more humid air insideNote 1 to entry: Natural draft towers can be fan assisted.2.42non-series typedesign