BS EN ISO 8401-2017 Metallic coatings Review of methods of measurement of ductility《金属镀层 延展性测量方法审查》.pdf

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1、BS EN ISO 8401:2017Metallic coatings Review ofmethods of measurement ofductility (ISO 8401:2017)BSI Standards PublicationWB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06BS EN ISO 8401:2017 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO 8401:2017. It

2、 supersedes BS EN ISO 8401:1995 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee STI/33, Electrodeposited and related coatings.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not pu

3、rport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2017.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2017ISBN 978 0 580 93620 3 ICS 25.220.40 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obli

4、gations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 28 February 2017.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dEUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 8401 February 2017 ICS 17.040.20 Super

5、sedes EN ISO 8401:1994English Version Metallic coatings - Review of methods of measurement of ductility (ISO 8401:2017) Revtements mtalliques - Vue densemble sur les mthodes de mesurage de la ductilit (ISO 8401:2017)Metallische Schutzschichten - berblick ber Verfahren zur Messung der Duktilitt (ISO

6、8401:2017)This European Standard was approved by CEN on 8 February 2017. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliogra

7、phical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibil

8、ity of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic

9、of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NO

10、RMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2017 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 8401:2017 EBS EN ISO 8401:2017EN ISO 8401:2017 (E) 3 European Fore

11、word This document (EN ISO 8401:2017) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 107 “Metallic and other inorganic coatings“ in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 262 “Metallic and other inorganic coatings” the secretariat of which is held by BSI. This European Standard shall be give

12、n the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2017 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by August 2017. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be

13、the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN ISO 8401:1994. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to imp

14、lement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romani

15、a, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 8401:2017 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 8401:2017 without any modification. BS EN ISO 8401:2017ISO 8401:2017(E)Foreword v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and de

16、finitions . 14 Principle 25 Tests on unsupported foils . 35.1 General . 35.2 Tensile testing 45.2.1 Principle 45.2.2 Apparatus . 45.2.3 Preparation of test pieces. 45.2.4 Procedure . 65.2.5 Expression of results 65.2.6 Notes on procedure . 65.3 Bending (micrometer bend test) . 75.3.1 General 75.3.2

17、Apparatus . 75.3.3 Preparation of test pieces. 75.3.4 Procedure . 75.3.5 Expression of results 85.4 Folding (vice-bend test) . 105.4.1 General. 105.4.2 Apparatus 105.4.3 Preparation of test pieces 105.4.4 Procedure 105.4.5 Results 105.5 Hydraulic bulging . 115.5.1 General. 115.5.2 Principle . 115.5.

18、3 Apparatus 115.5.4 Procedure 125.5.5 Expression of results .135.5.6 Notes on procedure 135.6 Mechanical bulging . 135.6.1 General. 135.6.2 Apparatus 145.6.3 Procedure 145.6.4 Expression of results .155.6.5 Special cases .156 Tests on coatings on substrates .176.1 General 176.2 Tensile testing . 186

19、.2.1 Apparatus 186.2.2 Preparation of test pieces 186.2.3 Procedure 186.3 Three-point bending10196.3.1 Principle . 196.3.2 Apparatus 196.3.3 Procedure 196.3.4 Expression of results .206.4 Four-point bending11.216.4.1 General. 21 ISO 2017 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS EN ISO 8401:2017ISO 840

20、1:2017(E)6.4.2 Expression of results .216.5 Cylindrical mandrel bending 226.5.1 Principle . 226.5.2 Apparatus 226.5.3 Preparation of test pieces 236.5.4 Procedure 236.5.5 Expression of results .236.5.6 Notes on procedure 236.6 Spiral mandrel bending 236.6.1 Principle . 236.6.2 Apparatus 246.6.3 Proc

21、edure 246.6.4 Expression of results .246.7 Conical mandrel bending 256.7.1 Principle . 256.7.2 Apparatus 256.7.3 Procedure 256.7.4 Expression of results .256.7.5 Special cases .266.8 Mechanical bulging . 266.8.1 Apparatus 266.8.2 Preparation of test pieces 266.8.3 Procedure 266.8.4 Expression of res

22、ults .267 Selection of test method 278 Test report 28Annex A (informative) Methods of producing foils .29Annex B (informative) Calculation of ductility when increasing the surface area of a foil (bulging) 31Annex C (informative) Calculation of ductility and tensile strength in the hydraulic bulge te

23、st 34Annex D (informative) Calculation of ductility in the mechanical bulge test 37Bibliography .38iv ISO 2017 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 8401:2017ISO 8401:2017(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bod

24、ies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and

25、 non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are des

26、cribed in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).Attention is dra

27、wn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on

28、the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assess

29、ment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www .iso .org/ iso/ foreword .html.This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 107, Metallic and other inorganic coatings.Th

30、is second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 8401:1986), of which it constitutes a minor revision. The following changes have been made: Formula (C.10) has been corrected; changes have been made in line with the 2016 edition of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. ISO 2017 All rights res

31、erved vBS EN ISO 8401:2017BS EN ISO 8401:2017Metallic coatings Review of methods of measurement of ductility1 ScopeThis document specifies general methods for measuring the ductility of metallic coatings of thickness below 200 m prepared by electroplating, autocatalytic deposition or other processes

32、.It is applicable to the following methods: tests on unsupported foils (separated from the substrate); tests of coatings on substrates.It does not apply to International Standards that include specific methods of testing for individual coatings. In these cases, the methods specified are used in pref

33、erence to the methods described in this document and are agreed upon beforehand by the supplier and the purchaser.2 Normative referencesThere are no normative references in this document.3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.ISO and IEC m

34、aintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses: IEC Electropedia: available at h t t p :/ www .electropedia .org/ ISO Online browsing platform: available at h t t p :/ www .iso .org/ obp3.1ductilityability of a metallic or other coating to undergo plastic or e

35、lastic deformation, or both, without fracture or cracking3.2linear elongationratio of the elongation, l, to a definite initial length, l0, of the test pieceNote 1 to entry: This is taken as a measure of ductility.Note 2 to entry: Often, this ratio is expressed as a percentage.Note 3 to entry: Normal

36、ly, the test pieces are elongated see Figure 1 a). With some bending tests, the outer layer of the test piece, i.e. the plating, is elongated. In bulge tests, however, the surface of the foil is enlarged, requiring calculation of linear elongation from the reduction in the thickness. Using the compo

37、nent of deformation (stretching) in only one axis would give false information about the ductility of the material see Figure 1 b). In those cases, the thinning of the foil, as calculated from the increase in the surface area, is a better measure of the ductility of the material (see Annex B).INTERN

38、ATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8401:2017(E) ISO 2017 All rights reserved 1BS EN ISO 8401:2017ISO 8401:2017(E)xyzxxy yz z=()()+()dddxyzxyz xy zxzy yz x=+ ddddddzzyyxx=+ddzzyyddllzztt=a) Tensile test b) Cupping testFigure 1 Tensile and cupping tests4 Principle4.1 In the testing of unsupported foils separated fr

39、om the substrate (see Figure 2), the foils may consist of one or more metallic layers. Therefore, it is possible to measure the ductility of composites and to determine the influence of individual layers on overall ductility. Methods of testing of unsupported foils are described in Clause 5. Methods

40、 of producing foils for testing are discussed in Annex A.4.2 In the testing of coatings on substrates (see Figure 3), it is especially important to determine the exact point of crack initiation of the top layer. Attention is drawn to different methods of discerning this point, by normal or corrected

41、-to-normal vision or with a lens. See the guidance in the individual methods. 2 ISO 2017 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 8401:2017ISO 8401:2017(E)These methods can also be used to detect embrittlement of the substrate that may have resulted from the coating process. Methods of testing of coatings on su

42、bstrates are described in Clause 6.Key1 metal foil2 substrateFigure 2 Foil, which can be separated from the substrateKey1 coating2 substrateFigure 3 Coating on the substrate4.3 Although ductility is a property of the material and independent of the dimensions of the test piece, thickness of the coat

43、ing may have an influence on the value of linear elongation (l/l0).4.3.1 Very thin layers have different properties as the build-up of the initial layers will be influenced by the properties of the substrate (epitaxy). High internal stresses may be incorporated into the initial layers and these may

44、affect ductility.4.3.2 It is essential that the test piece has uniform thickness, as thinner spots will give rise to premature cracking. Also, the current density is lower at thinner parts and higher at thicker parts of electroplated test pieces; in this way, current density differences may result i

45、n different ductilities. The current density applied should be maintained as uniform as possible over the test piece, and its value reported.5 Tests on unsupported foils5.1 GeneralThese techniques involve measurement of a foil which has been separated from the substrate (see Figure 2). In this case,

46、 the foil to be tested can also consist of several layers so as to allow measurement of the influence of undercoats on the ductility of the foil sandwich. Examples are gold flash on gold/copper alloys and chromium-plated nickel deposits. Methods of producing unsupported foils are given in Annex A.Fi

47、ve methods are described: tensile testing (5.2), bending (micrometer bend test) (5.3), folding (vice-bend test) (5.4), hydraulic bulging (5.5) and mechanical bulging (5.6). ISO 2017 All rights reserved 3BS EN ISO 8401:2017ISO 8401:2017(E)5.2 Tensile testing5.2.1 PrincipleDetermination of the linear

48、elongation of a foil, which is clamped into the jaws of a tensile testing machine. In this type of stressing, the foil is lengthened, but both the width and the thickness of the foil diminish.5.2.2 ApparatusThis method may utilize conventional mechanical testing equipment, available commercially and

49、 in many metallurgical laboratories1. For some applications, tensile testing equipment adapted to microscopic inspection during the test may be used.5.2.3 Preparation of test piecesTest pieces may be machined, chipped, punched or cut from the metallic foil or prepared by photoprinting with the help of light-sensitive lacquers or light-sensitive foils which are pressed onto a suitable substrate. After developing the pattern of the test piece, it is plated into the final form. A similar method uses chemical or elect