BS EN ISO 5456-3-1999 Technical drawings - Projection methods - Axonometric representations《技术图纸 投影法 三向投影表示法》.pdf

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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN ISO 5456-3:1999 Technical drawings Projection methods Part 3: Axonometric representations The European Standard EN ISO 5456-3:1999 has the status of a British Standard ICS 01.100.01 BS EN ISO 5456-3:1999 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the En

2、gineering Sector Committee, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 October 1999 BSI 15 September 2002 ISBN 0 580 35177 7 National foreword This British Standard is the English language version of EN ISO 5456-3:1999. It is identical with ISO 5456-3:19

3、96. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee TDE/4, Engineering drawing, metrology, precision measurement and all related documentation, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secret

4、ary. Cross-references Attention is drawn to the fact that CEN and CENELEC Standards normally include an annex which lists normative references to international publications with their corresponding European publications. The British Standards which implement international or European publications re

5、ferred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of

6、a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the i

7、nterpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN ISO title page, the EN ISO foreword page, the ISO t

8、itle page, pages ii to iv, pages 1 to 13 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsEUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 5456-3 July 1999 ICS 01.100.1

9、0 English version Technical drawings Projection methods Part 3: Axonometric representations (ISO 5456-3:1996) Dessins techniques Mthodes de projection Partie 3: Reprsentations axonomtriques (ISO 5456-3:1996) Technishce Zeichnungen Projektionsmethoden Teil 3: Axonometrische Darstellungen (ISO 5456-3:

10、1996) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 27 May 1999. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical r

11、eferences concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN membe

12、r into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portug

13、al, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. CEN European Committee for Standardization Comit Europen de Normalisation Europisches Komitee fr Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels 1999 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for

14、 CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 5456-3:1999 EEN ISO 5456-3:1999 BSI 15 September 2002 Foreword The text of the International Standard from Technical Committee ISO/TC 10 “Technical drawings, product definition and related documentation” of the International Organization for Standardization (IS

15、O) has been taken over as a European Standard CEN/CS. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2000, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by January 2

16、000. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway

17、, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of the International Standard ISO 5456-3:1996 has been approved by CEN as a European Standard without any modification. NOTE Normative references to International Standards are listed in Annex ZA (normative).E

18、N ISO 5456-3:1999 ii BSI 15 September 2002 Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member

19、 body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Elect

20、rotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting

21、a vote. International Standard ISO 5456-3 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 10, Technical drawings, product definition and related documentation, Subcommittee SC 1, Basic conventions. ISO 5456 consists of the following parts, under the general title Technical drawings Projection methods: Pa

22、rt 1: Synopsis Part 2: Orthographic representations Part 3: Axonometric representations Part 4: Central projection Annex A of this part of ISO 5456 if for information only. Descriptors: graphic methods, drawings, technical drawings, graphic projections.EN ISO 5456-3:1999 BSI 15 September 2002 iii In

23、troduction Axonometric representations are simple pictorial representations obtained by projecting the object to be represented from an infinitely distant point (projection centre) on a single projection plane (normally the drawing surface). This kind of parallel projection gives an adequate approxi

24、mation for distant views. The resulting representation depends on the shape of the object and on the relative positions of the projection centre, the projection plane and the object itself. Among the infinite possibilities of axonometric representation, only a few types are recommended for technical

25、 drawings in all fields of technical activities (mechanical, electrical, construction, etc.). Axonometric representations are not as commonly used in technical drawings as are orthographic representations.iv blankEN ISO 5456-3:1999 BSI 15 September 2002 1 1 Scope This part of ISO 5456 specifies basi

26、c rules for the application of the recommended axonometric representations for all types of technical drawings. 2 Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this part of ISO 5456. At the time of publication, the edi

27、tions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 5456 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently vali

28、d International Standards. ISO 128:1982, Technical drawings General principles of presentation. ISO 129:1985, Technical drawings Dimensioning General principles, definitions, methods of execution and special indications. ISO 3098-1:1974, Technical drawings Lettering Part 1: Currently used characters

29、. ISO 5456-1:1996, Technical drawings Projection methods Part 1: Synopsis. ISO 10209-1:1992, Technical product documentation Vocabulary Part 1: Terms relating to technical drawings: general and types of drawings. ISO 10209-2:1993, Technical product documentation Vocabulary Part 2: Terms relating to

30、projection methods. 3 Definitions For the purposes of this part of ISO 5456, the definitions given in ISO 5456-1, ISO 10209-1 and ISO 10209-2 apply. 4 General The general principles of presentation given in ISO 128 shall be followed. 4.1 Position of the coordinate system The position of the coordina

31、te axes shall be chosen, by convention, so that one of the coordinate axes (the Z-axis) is vertical. 4.2 Position of the object The object to be represented is located with its principal faces, axes and edges parallel to the coordinate planes. The object shall be orientated to show the principal vie

32、w and the other views that would preferably be chosen when representing the same object in orthogonal projections. 4.3 Axes of symmetry Axes and traces of planes of symmetry of the object shall not be drawn unless necessary. 4.4 Hidden contours and edges Hidden contours and edges should preferably b

33、e omitted. 4.5 Hatching Hatching to indicate a cut or section shall be drawn preferably at an angle of 45 with respect to axes and contours of the cut or section (see Figure 1). Hatching to indicate planes parallel to the coordinate planes shall be drawn parallel to the projected coordinate axis, as

34、 shown in Figure 2.EN ISO 5456-3:1999 2 BSI 15 September 2002 4.6 Dimensioning Dimensioning of axonometric representations is normally avoided. If, for special reasons, dimensioning is considered necessary, the same rules given for orthogonal projections (ISO 129 and ISO 3098-1) shall be used (see F

35、igure 6 and Figure 12). Figure 1 Figure 2EN ISO 5456-3:1999 BSI 15 September 2002 3 5 Recommended axonometries Recommended axonometries for technical drawings are: isometric axonometry (see 5.1); dimetric axonometry (see 5.2); oblique axonometry (see 5.3). Coordinate axes X, Y, Z are to be indicated

36、 by upper case letters. If other items (e.g. dimensions) have to be indicated in a table or drawing, lower-case letters x, y, z shall be used for better differentiation (for examples see ISO 6412-2). 5.1 Isometric axonometry The isometric axonometry is the orthogonal axonometry in which the projecti

37、on plane forms three equal angles with the three coordinate axes X, Y and Z. 1) Three unit length segments u x , u yand u zon the three coordinate axes X, Y and Z, are respectively projected orthogonally on the projection plane in three equal segments u x , u y and u z on the projected X , Y and Z a

38、xes whose lengths are: u x = u y = u z = (2/3) 1/2= 0,816 The projection X , Y and Z of the three coordinate axes X, Y and Z on the projection plane (drawing surface) is shown in Figure 3. In drawing practice, the projected unit length segments on the X , Y and Z axes are taken as u x = u y = u z =

39、1, which corresponds to a graphic representation of the object enlarged by a factor (3/2) 1/2 = 1,225. 1) This gives a representation identical to that obtained by orthogonal projection of the principal view of a right hexahedron with all its faces equally inclined to the projection plane. Figure 3E

40、N ISO 5456-3:1999 4 BSI 15 September 2002 The isometric axonometry of a right hexahedron with circles inscribed on its faces is represented in Figure 4. The isometric axonometry gives the same visual importance to all three faces of the right hexahedron, and is therefore convenient to draw on an equ

41、ilateral-triangle grid (see Figure 5). An example of dimensioning for isometric axonometry is given in Figure 6. Figure 4 Figure 5EN ISO 5456-3:1999 BSI 15 September 2002 5 5.2 Dimetric axonometry Dimetric axonometry is used when a view of the object to be represented is of main importance. The proj

42、ection of the three coordinate axes is given in Figure 7. The ratio of the three scales is u x : u y : u z = 1/2:1:1. The dimetric axonometry of a right hexahedron with circles in its faces is given in Figure 8. Figure 6 Figure 7EN ISO 5456-3:1999 6 BSI 15 September 2002 5.3 Oblique axonometry In ob

43、lique axonometry, the projection plane is parallel to one coordinate plane and to the main face of the object to be represented, whose projection remains in the same scale. Two of the projected coordinate axes are orthogonal. The direction of the third projected coordinate axis and its scale are arb

44、itrary. Several types of oblique axonometry are used, because of their ease of drawing. 5.3.1 Cavalier axonometry In this type of oblique axonometry, the projection plane is normally vertical and the projection of the third coordinate axis is chosen by convention at 45 to the remaining projected ort

45、hogonal axes; the scales on the three projected axes are identical: u x = u y = u z = 1 (see figure 9). Figure 8 Figure 9EN ISO 5456-3:1999 BSI 15 September 2002 7 The four possible cavalier axonometries of a right hexahedron are shown in Figure 10. Cavalier axonometry is very simple to draw and mak

46、es it possible to dimension the drawing, but heavily distorts the proportions along the third coordinate axis. 5.3.2 Cabinet axonometry Cabinet axonometry is similar to cavalier axonometry, except that on the third projected axis the scale is reduced by a factor of two. This provides a better propor

47、tion to the drawing. A cabinet axonometric representation of a right hexahedron with circles inscribed in its faces is shown in Figure 11. An example of dimensioning is given in Figure 12. 5.3.3 Planometric axonometry In planometric axonometry, the projection plane is parallel to the horizontal coor

48、dinate plane. Projections using angles = 0 , 90 or 180 should be avoided so that all necessary information can be presented (see Figure 13). Figure 10EN ISO 5456-3:1999 8 BSI 15 September 2002 Figure 11 Figure 12EN ISO 5456-3:1999 BSI 15 September 2002 9 5.3.3.1 Normal planometric projection Possibl

49、e projections of coordinate axes whose scales can be chosen in the ratio 1:1:1 are shown in Figure 14. A right hexahedron with its dimensioning is given in Figure 15. This type of oblique axonometry is particularly suited for town planning drawings. 5.3.3.2 Shortened planometric projection Possible projections of the coordinate axes whose scales can be chosen in the ratio 1:1:2/3 ar