BS EN 62369-1-2009 Evaluation of human exposure to electromagnetic fields from short range devices (SRDs) in various applications over the frequency range 0 GHz to 300 GHz - Fields .pdf

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1、Evaluation of human exposureto electromagnetic fields fromshort range devices (SRDs) invarious applications over thefrequency range 0 GHz to 300 GHz Part 1: Fields produced by devices used for electronic article surveilla nce, radio frequency identification and similar systemsBS EN 62369-1:2009raisi

2、ng standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI British StandardsNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 62369-1:2009. It isidentical to IEC 62369-1:2008. It supersedes BS EN 50357:2001 which iswithdrawn.The UK participati

3、on in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee GEL/106, Human exposure to low frequency and high frequencyelectromagnetic radiation.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necess

4、ary provisions of acontract. Users are responsible for its correct application. BSI 2009ISBN 978 0 580 54645 7ICS 13.280; 33.100.01BRITISH STANDARDBS EN 62369-1:2009Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority

5、 of the StandardsPolicy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2009. Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date Text affectedEUROPEAN STANDARD EN 62369-1 NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM March 2009 CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization Comit Europen de Normalisation Electr

6、otechnique Europisches Komitee fr Elektrotechnische Normung Central Secretariat: avenue Marnix 17, B - 1000 Brussels 2009 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members. Ref. No. EN 62369-1:2009 E ICS 33.050 Supersedes EN 50357:2001English ve

7、rsion Evaluation of human exposure to electromagnetic fields from short range devices (SRDs) in various applications over the frequency range 0 GHz to 300 GHz - Part 1: Fields produced by devices used for electronic article surveillance, radio frequency identification and similar systems (IEC 62369-

8、1:2008) Evaluation de lexposition humaine aux champs lectromagntiques produits par les dispositifs radio courte porte dans la plage de frquence 0 GHz 300 GHz - Partie 1: Champs produits par les dispositifs utiliss pour la surveillance lectronique des objets, lidentification par radiofrquence et les

9、systmes similaires (CEI 62369-1:2008) Ermittlung der Exposition von Personen gegenber elektromagnetischen Feldern im Frequenzbereich 0 GHz bis 300 GHz durch Gerte mit kurzer Reichweite fr verschiedene Anwendungen - Teil 1: Felder, die durch Gerte erzeugt werden, die zur elektronischen Artikelberwach

10、ung, Hochfrequenz-Identifizierung und fr hnliche Anwendungen verwendet werden(IEC 62369-1:2008) This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2009-03-01. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard

11、 the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French,

12、 German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bul

13、garia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. EN 62369-1:2009 -

14、2 - Foreword The text of the International Standard IEC 62369-1:2008, prepared by IEC TC 106, Methods for the assessment of electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields associated with human exposure, was submitted to the Unique Acceptance Procedure and was approved by CENELEC as EN 62369-1 on 2009

15、-03-01 without any modification. This European Standard supersedes EN 50357:2001. The following dates were fixed: latest date by which the EN has to be implemented at national level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2010-03-01 latest date by which the national

16、standards conflicting with the EN have to be withdrawn (dow) 2012-03-01 _ Endorsement notice The text of the International Standard IEC 62369-1:2008 was approved by CENELEC as a European Standard without any modification. In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be adde

17、d for the standards indicated: IEC 61566 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61566:1997 (not modified). IEC 62209-1 NOTE Harmonized as EN 62209-1:2006 (not modified). IEC 62311 NOTE Harmonized as EN 62311:2008 (modified). ISO/IEC 17025 NOTE Harmonized as EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005 (not modified). _ BS EN 62369-1:2009

18、2 62369-1 IEC:2008 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION.71 Scope.82 Normative references .93 Terms, definitions, and abbreviations .93.1 Quantities93.2 Constants93.3 Terms and definitions 104 Measurements and calculations for equipment evaluation 154.1 Introduction .154.2 Evaluation against reference values 164.2.

19、1 General .164.2.2 Direct measurement for comparison against reference values .164.2.3 Spatial measurements for comparison against reference values 174.2.4 Modelling and analysis including field non-uniformity.174.3 Specific absorption rate (SAR) measurements.244.3.1 General .244.3.2 Internal electr

20、ic field strength measurements.244.3.3 Internal temperature measurements 254.3.4 Calorimetric measurements of heat transfer 264.3.5 Phantom models and fluid .264.4 Numerical evaluations for comparison against basic restrictions264.4.1 General .264.4.2 Evaluations using homogeneous models .264.4.3 Sp

21、ecial case of inductive near-field exposure 100 kHz to 50 MHz284.4.4 Frequencies 50 MHz.294.4.5 Localised SAR (100 kHz to 10 GHz) 294.5 Evaluations using non-homogeneous models for comparison against basic restrictions 304.5.1 General .304.5.2 Anatomical body models304.5.3 Calculation/modelling meth

22、od314.5.4 Position of the body in relation to the unit under evaluation .314.6 Measurement of limb and touch currents .315 Measurements for field monitoring325.1 General .325.2 Field measurements 325.2.1 Measurement where persons spend significant periods of time325.2.2 Detailed measurements for non

23、-transitory exposure 325.3 Additional evaluation .326 Exposure from sources with multiple frequencies or complex waveforms337 Exposure from multiple sources338 Uncertainty.348.1 General .348.2 Evaluating uncertainties 348.2.1 Individual uncertainties34BS EN 62369-1:200962369-1 IEC:2008 3 8.2.2 Combi

24、ning uncertainties 358.3 Examples of typical uncertainty components .358.3.1 Measurement.358.3.2 Numerical calculation 358.4 Overall uncertainties .359 Evaluation report 35Annex A (informative) Characteristics of equipment .37Annex B (informative) Information for numerical modelling.47Annex C (infor

25、mative) A simplified method for summation of multiple sources .67Annex D (informative) Uncertainty .70Bibliography71Figure 1 General torso grid 19Figure 2 General head grid 19Figure 3 Single floor standing antenna.20Figure 4 Dual floor standing antenna .20Figure 5 Single floor antenna .21Figure 6 Si

26、ngle ceiling antenna21Figure 7 Combined floor and ceiling antennas22Figure 8 “Walk-through” loop antenna22Figure 9 Counter or desk mounted antenna .23Figure 10 Vertical, wall or frame mounted antenna.23Figure 11 Hand-held antenna.24Figure 12 Disk model .28Figure 13 Cubic model.28Figure 14 Spheroid m

27、odel28Figure A.1 Example of exit mounted equipment showing detection range.40Figure A.2 Example of aisle mounted equipment40Figure A.3 Inductive coupling.42Figure A.4 Electromagnetic coupling42Figure A.5 Capacitive coupling.42Figure A.6 Overview of an RFID system.44Figure B.1 Current induced in a lo

28、op47Figure B.2 Disk model51Figure B.3 Disk model used for validations 51Figure B.4 Cubic model52Figure B.5 Cubic model example showing current induced in 3 dimensions.53Figure B.6 Prolate spheroid .54Figure B.7 Helmholtz coils and prolate spheroid.55Figure B.8 60 cm by 30 cm prolate spheroid results

29、 (magnetic field) 56Figure B.9 60 cm by 30 cm prolate spheroid results (induced current density) .56Figure B.10 120 cm by 60 cm prolate spheroid results (magnetic field) 57Figure B.11 120 cm by 60 cm prolate spheroid results (induced current density)57Figure B.12 160 cm by 80 cm prolate spheroid res

30、ults (magnetic field) 58BS EN 62369-1:2009 4 62369-1 IEC:2008 Figure B.13 160 cm by 80 cm prolate spheroid results (induced current density)58Figure B.14 Homogeneous human shape body model60Figure B.15 Homogeneous human shape (induced current) .60Figure B.16 Homogeneous hand model61Figure B.17 Appro

31、ximate conductivities for LF homogeneous body modelling .66Table 1 Dimensions and distances for Figures 1 to 11 .18Table 2 Dimensions and distances for simplified body shapes .27Table 3 Maximum total evaluation uncertainties .35Table A.1 Frequency ranges and typical system characteristics .43Table A

32、.2 Example frequency bands and their applications43Table B.1 Disk model dimensions for Figure B.2 51Table B.2 Cubic disk model dimensions for Figure B.4.52Table B.3 Prolate spheroid dimensions for Figure B.654Table B.4 Summary of results 59Table B.5 Examples of anatomical models .62Table B.6 Conduct

33、ivity of tissue types64Table B.7 Relative permittivity of tissue types 65BS EN 62369-1:200962369-1 IEC:2008 7 INTRODUCTION Electromagnetic fields interact with the human body and other biological systems through a number of physical mechanisms. The main mechanisms of interaction are based on nervous

34、 system effects and heating. These effects are dependent on frequency and are defined by biologically relevant quantities. Based on these scientifically established health effects, there are international, regional and sometimes national exposure requirements. These are set as basic restrictions on

35、quantities, which are not necessarily directly measurable, and contain high safety factors to ensure a high level of protection. These quantities may be determined either by calculation for each case, or by measuring a reference value that has a pre-derived relationship to them, usually under worst-

36、case, far-field conditions. Respect of the reference value will ensure respect of the relevant basic restriction, except in some specific near field situations which would normally be identified or highlighted within the applicable exposure guidelines. If the measured quantity exceeds the reference

37、value, it does not necessarily follow that the basic restriction is also exceeded. Under those circumstances, more detailed evaluation techniques will be necessary which are specific to that type of equipment and exposure. This document is part of a multi-part standard covering the evaluation of hum

38、an exposure to electromagnetic fields from short range devices (SRDs) in various applications over the frequency range from 0 GHz to 300 GHz. BS EN 62369-1:2009 8 62369-1 IEC:2008 EVALUATION OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS FROM SHORT RANGE DEVICES (SRDS) IN VARIOUS APPLICATIONS OVER THE

39、FREQUENCY RANGE 0 GHz to 300 GHz Part 1: Fields produced by devices used for electronic article surveillance, radio frequency identification and similar systems 1 Scope This part of IEC 62369 presents procedures for the evaluation of human exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) from devices used

40、in electronic article surveillance (EAS), radio frequency identification (RFID) and similar applications. It adopts a staged approach to facilitate compliance assessment. The first stage (Stage 1) is a simple measurement against the appropriate derived reference values. Stage 2 is a more complex ser

41、ies of measurements or calculations, coupled with analysis techniques. Stage 3 requires detailed modelling and analysis for comparison with the basic restrictions. When assessing any device, the most appropriate method for the exposure situation may be used. At the time of writing this International

42、 Standard, electronic article surveillance, radio frequency identification and similar systems do not normally operate at frequencies below 1 Hz or above 10 GHz. EMF exposure guidelines and standards can cover a wider range of frequencies, so clarification on the required range is included as part o

43、f the evaluation procedures. The devices covered by this document normally have non-uniform field patterns. Often these devices have a very rapid reduction of field strength with distance and operate under near-field conditions where the relationship between electric and magnetic fields is not const

44、ant. This, together with typical exposure conditions for different device types, is detailed in Annex A. Annex B contains comprehensive information to assist with numerical modelling of the exposure situation. It includes both homogeneous and anatomical models as well as the electrical properties of

45、 tissue. This International Standard does not include limits. Limits can be obtained from separately published human exposure guidelines. Different guidelines and limit values may apply in different regions. Linked into the guidelines are usually methods for summation across wider frequency ranges a

46、nd for multiple exposure sources. These shall be used. A simplified method for summation of multiple sources is contained in Annex C. This has to be used with care as it is simplistic and will overestimate the exposure; however it is useful as a guide, when the results of different evaluations are i

47、n different units of measure which are not compatible. Different countries and regions have different guidelines for handling the uncertainties from the evaluation. Annex D provides information on the two most common methods. A bibliography at the end of this standard provides general information as

48、 well as useful l information for the measurement of electromagnetic fields. See 1,2,3,4,5,61).Similar national or international standards may be used as an alternative. 1)Figures between brackets refer to the bibliography. BS EN 62369-1:200962369-1 IEC:2008 9 2 Normative references None. 3 Terms, d

49、efinitions, and abbreviations The internationally accepted SI units are used throughout this document. 3.1 Quantities Quantity Symbol Unit Dimension Magnetic flux density B tesla (Vs/m2) T Electric flux density D coulomb per square metre Cm2Electric field strength E volt per metre Vm1Frequency f hertz Hz Magnetic field strength H ampere per metre Am1Current density