BS EN 14046-2003 Packaging - Evaluation of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability and disintegration of packaging materials under controlled composting conditions - Method by analys.pdf

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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 14046:2003 Packaging Evaluation of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability and disintegration of packaging materials under controlled composting conditions Method by analysis of released carbon dioxide The European Standard EN 14046:2003 has the status of a British Standard ICS

2、13.030.99; 55.040 BS EN 14046:2003 This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 22 May 2003 BSI 22 May 2003 ISBN 0 580 41854 5 National foreword This British Standard is the official English language version of EN 14046:2003. The UK partic

3、ipation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PKW/4, Packaging and the environment, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement internation

4、al or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to

5、 include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any

6、enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 22, an ins

7、ide back cover and a back cover. The BSI copyright date displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsEUROPEANSTANDARD NORMEEUROPENNE EUROPISCHENORM EN14046 March2003 ICS13.030.99;55.040 Englishversion PackagingEvalu

8、ationoftheultimateaerobicbiodegradability anddisintegrationofpackagingmaterialsundercontrolled compostingconditionsMethodbyanalysisofreleasedcarbon dioxide EmballageEvaluationdelabiodgradabilitarobie ultimeetdeladsintgrationdesmatriauxdemballage dansdesconditionscontrlesdecompostageMthode paranalyse

9、dudioxydedecarbonelibr VerpackungBestimmungdervollstndigenaeroben biologischenAbbaubarkeitundDesintegrationvon PackstoffenunterkontrolliertenKompostierbedingungen VerfahrenmittelsAnalysedesfreigesetzten Kohlenstoffdioxids ThisEuropeanStandardwasapprovedbyCENon27December2002. CENmembersareboundtocomp

10、lywiththeCEN/CENELECInternalRegulationswhichstipulatetheconditionsforgivingthisEurope an Standardthestatusofanationalstandardwithoutanyalteration.Uptodatelistsandbibliographicalreferencesconcernings uchnational standardsmaybeobtainedonapplicationtotheManagementCentreortoanyCENmember. ThisEuropeanSta

11、ndardexistsinthreeofficialversions(English,French,German).Aversioninanyotherlanguagemadebytra nslation undertheresponsibilityofaCENmemberintoitsownlanguageandnotifiedtotheManagementCentrehasthesamestatusasthe official versions. CENmembersarethenationalstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,CzechRepublic,D

12、enmark,Finland,France,Germany,Greece, Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Portugal,Slovakia,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandUn ited Kingdom. EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFORSTANDARDIZATION COMITEUROPENDENORMALISATION EUROPISCHESKOMITEEFRNORMUNG ManagementCentre:ruedeStassart,36B1050Brus

13、sels 2003CEN Allrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymeansreserved worldwideforCENnationalMembers. Ref.No.EN14046:2003EEN14046:2003(E) 2 Contents page Foreword3 1 Scope 4 2 Normativereferences 4 3 Termsanddefinitions. .4 4 Principle 5 5 TestEnvironment .5 6 Reagents .6 7 Apparatus .6 7.1 Compostingv

14、essels 6 7.2 Aircirculationsystem .6 7.3 Apparatusforthedeterminationofcarbondioxide. 6 7.4 Gastighttubes. 6 7.5 pHmeter 6 7.6 Analyticalinstruments 6 7.7 Balance .6 7.8 Analyticalinstruments(optionally). .6 8 Procedure .7 8.1 Preparationoftheinoculum . 7 8.2 Preparationofthetestmaterialandtherefere

15、ncesubstance 7 8.3 Startupofthetest .8 8.4 Incubationperiod. 8 8.5 Terminationofthetest . .9 9 Calculationandexpressionofresults. 9 9.1 Calculationofthetheoreticalamountofcarbondioxide . .9 9.2 Calculationofthepercentageofbiodegradation. 10 9.3 Calculationofweightloss .10 9.4 Expressionofresults . .

16、10 10 Validityofresults .10 11 TestReport .11 AnnexA(informative)Principleofatestsystemwithreleasedcarbondioxide .12 AnnexB(informative)Exampleofacarbondioxidereleaseandabiodegradationcurve.13 AnnexC(informative)Exampleofweightlossdetermination. 15 AnnexD(informative)InformationRingtest .18 AnnexE(i

17、nformative)Exampleofformsheets . 19 Bibliography 22EN14046:2003(E) 3 Foreword Thisdocument(EN14046:2003)hasbeenpreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeCEN/TC261“Packaging“,the secretariatofwhichisheldbyAFNOR. ThisEuropeanStandard shallbegiventhestatusofanationalstandard,eitherbypublicationofanidenticaltextor by

18、endorsement,atthelatestbySeptember2003,andconflictingnationalstandardsshallbewithdrawnatthe latestbySeptember2003. ThisdocumenthasbeenpreparedunderamandategiventoCENbytheEuropeanCommissionandtheEuropean FreeTradeAssociation. ThisdocumentcontainsannexesA,B,C,DandE,whichareinformative. AccordingtotheC

19、EN/CENELECInternalRegulations,thenationalstandardsorganizationsofthefollowing countriesareboundtoimplementthisEuropeanStandard:Austria,Belgium,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Finland, France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Portugal, SlovakRepublic,Spain,Sweden,

20、SwitzerlandandtheUnitedKingdom.EN14046:2003(E) 4 1Scope ThisEuropeanStandardspecifiesamethodfortheevaluationoftheultimateaerobicbiodegradabilityofpackaging materialsbasedonorganiccompoundsundercontrolledcompostingconditionsbymeasurementofreleasedcarbon dioxideattheendofthetest.Thismethodisdesignedto

21、resembletypicalaerobiccompostingconditionsforthe organicfractionofmixedmunicipalsolidwaste.Thepackagingmaterialisexposedinalaboratorytesttoaninoculum whichisderivedfromcompost.Theaerobiccompostingtakesplaceinanenvironmentwhereespeciallytemperature, aerationandhumidityarecloselymonitoredandcontrolled

22、.Thetestmethodisdesignedtoyieldapercentageand rateofconversionofcarbonofthetestmaterialtoreleasedcarbondioxide. TheconditionsdescribedinthisEuropeanStandarddonotnecessarilyalwayscorrespondtotheoptimalconditions allowingthemaximumdegreeofbiodegradationtooccur. 2 Normativereferences Notapplicable. 3 T

23、ermsanddefinitions ForthepurposesofthisEuropeanStandard,thefollowingtermsanddefinitionsapply. 3.1 testmaterial packagingmaterialsmadefromorganiccompoundsnormallytestedincompactformsatasuitablesize 3.2 ultimatebiodegradationofatestmaterial levelofbiodegradationachievedwhenthetestmaterialisutilisedbym

24、icroorganismsresultingintheproductionof carbondioxide,water,mineralsaltsandnewmicrobialcellularconstituents(biomass) 3.3 totaldrysolids amountofsolidsobtainedbytakingaknownamountoftestmaterialorcompostanddryingatabout105Cto constantweight 3.4 volatilesolids amountofsolidsobtainedbysubtractingtheresi

25、duesofaknownamountoftestmaterialorcompostafter incinerationatabout550Cfromthetotaldrysolidscontentofthesamesample.Thevolatilesolidscontentisan indicationoftheamountoforganicmatter 3.5 theoreticalamountofformedcarbondioxide( ThCO 2 ) theoreticalmaximumamountofcarbondioxideformedafteroxidisingachemica

26、lcompoundcompletely,calculated fromthemolecularformula;expressedinthiscaseasmgcarbondioxidepermgorgtestcompound 3.6 lagphase timefromthestartofatestuntiladaptationand/orselectionofthedegradingmicroorganismsareachievedand thebiodegradationdegreeofachemicalcompoundororganicmatterhasincreasedtoabout10%

27、ofthemaximum levelofbiodegradation,recordedindays 3.7 maximumlevelofbiodegradation maximumbiodegradationdegreeofachemicalcompoundororganicmatterinatest,recordedinpercent,above whichnofurtherbiodegradationtakesplaceduringthetestEN14046:2003(E) 5 3.8 biodegradationphase timefromtheendofthelagphaseofat

28、estuntilabout90%ofthemaximumlevelofbiodegradationhasbeen reached,recordedindays 3.9 plateauphase timefromtheendofthebiodegradationphaseuntiltheendofthetest,recordedindays 4Principle Thetestmethodisdesignedtobeanoptimisedsimulationofanintensiveaerobiccompostingprocessand determinestheultimatebiodegra

29、dabilityofatestmaterialundercontrolledaerobiccompostingconditions.The inoculumconsistsofstabilisedandmaturecompostifpossiblederivedfromcompostingtheorganicfractionof municipalsolidwaste. Thetestmaterialismixedwiththeinoculumandintroducedintoastaticcompostingvesselwhereitisintensively compostedundero

30、ptimumoxygen,temperatureandmoistureconditionsforatestperiodofusually45ormoredays. Duringtheaerobicbiodegradationofthetestmaterial,carbondioxide,water,mineralsaltsandnewmicrobial cellularconstituents(biomass)aretheultimatebiodegradationproducts.Thecarbondioxideproducedis continuouslymonitoredormeasur

31、edatregularintervalsinthetestandblankvesselsandintegratedtodetermine thecumulativecarbondioxideproduction.Thepercentageofbiodegradationisobtainedbycomparingthecarbon dioxideproducedfromthetestmaterialtothemaximumamountofcarbondioxidewhichcouldbederivedfromthe testmaterialandwhichiscalculatedfromitsm

32、easuredtotalorganiccarbon(TOC).Thispercentageof biodegradationwillnotincludetheamountofcarbonconvertedtonewcellbiomasswhichisnotinturnmetabolised tocarbondioxideduringthecourseofthetest. Additionallyattheendofthetesttheweightlossoftestmaterialmaybedetermined. 5 TestEnvironment Incubationshalltakepla

33、ceinthedarkorindiffusedlightinanenclosurewhichismaintainedataconstant temperatureof58C 2Candwhichisfreefromvapoursinhibitingtomicroorganisms.EN14046:2003(E) 6 6Reagents Useonlyreagentsofrecognisedanalyticalgrade. Useasreferencesubstanceforapositivetestcontrolcelluloseforthinlayerchromatographywithap

34、articlesizeof lessthan20 m. 7Apparatus 7.1General Ensurethatallglasswareisthoroughlycleanedand,inparticular,freefromorganicortoxicmatter. 7.2Compostingvessels Glassflasksorbottlesallowinganevengaspurgeinanupwardsdirection. NOTE Aminimumvolumeof2lshouldfulfiltheprerequisitesmentionedin8.2and8.3.Forsc

35、reeningpurpose,dependingon thetestmaterialalsosmallervolumesmaybeused.Iftheweightlossofthetestmaterialisdeterminedweigheachempty compostingvessel. 7.3Aircirculationsystem Capableofsupplyingeachcompostingvesselwithdryorhumidified,ifrequiredcarbondioxidefree,airatapreset flowratewhichshallbehighenough

36、toprovidetrulyaerobicconditionsduringthetest(exampleseeannexA). 7.4Apparatusforthedeterminationofcarbondioxide Devicefordirectcarbondioxidedeterminationoraftercompleteabsorptioninabasicsolutionanddeterminationof thedissolvedinorganiccarbon(DIC)(exampleseeannexA).Iftheexhaustedairisdirectlybemeasured

37、e.g.witha continuousinfraredanalyseroragaschromatographanexactdosingormeasurementofthegasflowisrequired. 7.5Gastighttubes Whichpreventdiffusionofoxygenandcarbondioxidetoconnectthecompostingvesselswithairproductionand carbondioxidedeterminationsystem. 7.6pHmeter 7.7Analyticalinstruments Fordeterminat

38、ionofdrysolids(at105C),volatilesolids(at550C),totalorganiccarbon(TOC)orelemental analysisofcompactmaterialanddissolvedinorganiccarbon(DIC)inthecaseofDICmeasurement. 7.8Balance Tomeasuretheweightoftestvesselsincludingcompostandtestmaterialwhichisnormallyinarangebetween 3kgand5kg. 7.9Analyticalinstrum

39、ents(optionally) Fortheoptionaldeterminationofoxygenintheair,moisture,volatilefattyacidsandtotalnitrogen(e.g.bytheKjeldahl methodISO5663).EN14046:2003(E) 7 8Procedure 8.1Preparationoftheinoculum Takeasinoculumwellaeratedcompostfromaproperlyoperatingaerobiccompostingplant. NOTE1 Itisrecommendedthatco

40、mpostfromaplantcompostingtheorganicfractionofmunicipalsolidwasteisusedinorder togetasufficientrangeofmicroorganismswhichmaybeadaptedtopackagingmaterials.Theageofthecompostshouldbe preferablybetween2and4months.Ifsuchacompostisnotavailablealsocompostfromplantstreatinggreenoryardwasteor mixturesofgreen

41、wasteandmunicipalsolidwaste(biowaste)maybeused.Suchacompostmaybelessadaptedtopackaging material. Thecompostinoculumshouldbehomogeneousandasfreefromlargerinertmaterialssuchasglass,stonesor metals.Removethemmanuallyandthensievethecompostonascreenofabout0,5cmto1cm. NOTE2 Itisrecommendedtousecompostwith

42、sufficientporositytoenableasaerobicconditionsaspossible.Additionof structuralmaterialsuchassmallwoodparticlesorpersistentorpoorlybiodegradableinertmaterialmayavoidstickingtogeth erand cloggingofthecompostduringthetest. Determinethetotaldrysolidsandthevolatilesolidscontentofthecompostinoculum.Thetota

43、ldrysolidscontent shouldbebetween50%and55%ofthewetsolidsandthevolatilesolidsmorethanabout15%ofthewetor 30%ofthedrysolids.Adjustthewatercontent,ifnecessary,beforethecompostisusedbyaddingwaterorgently drying,e.g.byaeratingthecompostwithdryair. Prepareamixtureof1partofcompostinoculumwith5partsofdeionisedwater.Mixbyshakingandmeasure immediatelythepHvaluewhichshouldbebetween7,0and9,0. NOTE3 Forfurthercharacterisationofthecompostinoculumsuitableparameterssuchasthecontentoftotalorganiccarbon, totalnitrogenorfa