BS DD CEN TS 15901-7-2009 Road and airfield surface characteristics - Procedure for determining the skid resistance of a pavement surface using a device with longitudinal fixed sli.pdf

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1、DD CEN/TS15901-7:2009ICS 93.080.20NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWDRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENTRoad and airfieldsurface characteristicsPart 7: Procedure for determining theskid resistance of a pavement surfaceusing a device with longitudinal fixedslip ratio (LFCG): the

2、GripTesterThis Draft for Developmentwas published under theauthority of the StandardsPolicy and StrategyCommittee on 31 December2009 BSI 2009ISBN 978 0 580 67244 6Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsDD CEN/TS 15901-7:2009National forewordThis Draft for Development is the UK im

3、plementation of CEN/TS15901-7:2009.This publication is not to be regarded as a British Standard.It is being issued in the Draft for Development series of publications andis of a provisional nature. It should be applied on this provisional basis,so that information and experience of its practical app

4、lication can beobtained.Comments arising from the use of this Draft for Development arerequested so that UK experience can be reported to the internationalorganization responsible for its conversion to an international standard.A review of this publication will be initiated not later than 3 years af

5、terits publication by the international organization so that a decision can betaken on its status. Notification of the start of the review period will bemade in an announcement in the appropriate issue of Update Standards.According to the replies received by the end of the review period,the responsi

6、ble BSI Committee will decide whether to support theconversion into an international Standard, to extend the life of theTechnical Specification or to withdraw it. Comments should be sent tothe Secretary of the responsible BSI Technical Committee at BritishStandards House, 389 Chiswick High Road, Lon

7、don W4 4AL.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee B/510/5, Surface characteristics.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisionsof a contr

8、act. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunityfrom legal obligations.DD CEN/TS 15901-7:2009TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION SPCIFICATION TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION CEN/TS 15901-7 November 2009 ICS 93.080.20 English Version Road and air

9、field surface characteristics - Part 7: Procedure for determining the skid resistance of a pavement surface using a device with longitudinal fixed slip ratio (LFCG): the GripTester(r)Caractristiques de surface des routes et aroports - Partie 7 : Mode opratoire de dtermination de ladhrence dun revtem

10、ent de chausse laide dun dispositif coefficient de frottement longitudinal fixe (CFLG): le GripTester Oberflcheneigenschaften von Straen und Flugpltzen - Teil 7: Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Griffigkeit von Fahrbahndecken durch Verwendung eines Gerts mit festem Schlupfverhltnis in Lngsrichtung (LFCG

11、): der GripTester This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 27 June 2009 for provisional application. The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their comments, particularly on the quest

12、ion whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard. CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standard

13、s in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland

14、, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Ma

15、rnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TS 15901-7:2009: EDD CEN/TS 15901-7:2009CEN/TS 15901-7:2009 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 31 Scope 42 Normative references 43 Recommended uses 44 Terms a

16、nd definitions .55 Safety 86 Essential characteristics .96.1 Principle of measurements .96.2 Description of GripTester .97 Key Characteristics .97.1 General 97.2 Test equipment 97.3 Drive tyre . 107.4 Test tyre . 107.5 Pavement wetting system, water film thickness . 107.6 Measurement control system

17、and recorder . 107.7 Parameters recorded 118 Test Procedure 118.1 Standard test conditions 118.2 Prior to testing 128.3 Routine testing 128.3.1 General . 128.3.2 Tow mode 128.3.3 Push mode . 128.4 Airfield operational testing 138.4.1 Towing mode . 138.4.2 Push mode . 139 Data Recording . 1310 Calibr

18、ation . 1310.1 General . 1310.2 Load zero/drag zero quick check 1310.3 Vertical load and horizontal force (full calibration) . 1410.3.1 Check/adjust the vertical load zero. 1410.3.2 Check/adjust the vertical load gain. 1410.3.3 Check/adjust the horizontal force zero 1410.3.4 Check/adjust the horizon

19、tal force gain 1410.4 Distance . 1410.5 Water Flow rate . 1410.6 Full manufacturers service and calibration 1410.7 Correlation exercise with other devices . 1411 Precision 1412 Test report . 15Bibliography . 18DD CEN/TS 15901-7:2009CEN/TS 15901-7:2009 (E) 3 Foreword This document (CEN/TS 15901-7:200

20、9) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 227 “Road materials”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any

21、 or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, H

22、ungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. DD CEN/TS 15901-7:2009CEN/TS 15901-7:2009 (E) 4 1 Scope This Technical Specification describes a method for de

23、termining the skid resistance of a surface by measurement of the longitudinal friction coefficient LFCG. The method provides a measure of the wet skid resistance properties of a bound surface by measurement of the longitudinal friction coefficient using a continuous reading small braked wheel fixed-

24、slip device. The test tyre is dragged over a pre-wetted pavement under controlled speed conditions while the test tyre is parallel to the direction of motion and perpendicular to the pavement. Test speeds can vary from 5 km/h to 130 km/h depending on the application. The measured values can be affec

25、ted by the test speed. The method has been developed for use on paved areas such as roads and airport runways and may also be used indoors. This Technical Specification covers the operation of the GripTester. The GripTesteris a device developed by Findlay Irvine Ltd in the United Kingdom that uses t

26、he braked-wheel fixed-slip principle with a small test wheel to make measurements of skid resistance continuously on airfields, roads and other surfaces. The fixed slip ratio is 15 %. A machine conforming to the general characteristics of the GripTester and the specific provisions of this Technical

27、Specification may also be used for the tests. The skid resistance of a pavement is determined by friction measurements and measurements of pavement texture. Where measurement of pavement texture is required the standard for this measurement and the device is described in EN ISO 13473-1. 2 Normative

28、references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 48, Rubber, vulcanized or thermopl

29、astic Determination of hardness (hardness between 10 IRHD and 100 IRHD) ISO 4662, Rubber Determination of rebound resilience of vulcanizates 3 Recommended uses The method is applicable to the following types of pavements, for example: road surfacings; road markings; airport runways; flight decks; fo

30、otways; DD CEN/TS 15901-7:2009CEN/TS 15901-7:2009 (E) 5 pedestrian precincts; test panels of surfaces intended for any of the above. The device may be used for the following fields of application: monitoring of networks (pavement management); approval of new surfacing; measurements for project-level

31、 compliance; investigation of surface skid resistance; comparative measurements among different devices; research measurements. 4 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 4.1 friction resistance to relative motion between two bodies in conta

32、ct NOTE The frictional force is the force which acts tangentially in the contact area. 4.2 skid resistance characterisation of the friction of a road surface when measured in accordance with a standardised method 4.3 wet road skid resistance property of a trafficked surface that limits relative move

33、ment between the surface and the part of a vehicle tyre in contact with the surface, when lubricated with a film of water NOTE Factors that contribute to skid resistance include the tyre pressure, contact area, tread pattern, and rubber composition; the alignment, texture, surface contamination, and

34、 characteristics of the road surface; the vehicle speed; and the weather conditions. The skid resistance of a road surface in Europe varies seasonally. Generally, wet skid resistance is higher in winter as a result of the effects of wet detritus and the effects of frost and wear by tyres on microtex

35、ture and macrotexture. Wet skid resistance is lower in summer as a result of dry polishing by tyres in the presence of fine detritus. The change in skid resistance of a surface in service is affected by the volume of traffic and the composition of the traffic, i.e. cars, buses, commercial vehicles o

36、f different sizes, as the tyres of these vehicles polish and/or wear away the surfacing material in different ways. The geometry of the road will affect the change in skid resistance. Generally, tyres polish less on straight roads than on bends. Where the surface contains aggregate with a coating of

37、 binder, e.g. bitumen, resin or Portland cement, the skid resistance will change as the coating is worn away by tyres. 4.4 pedestrian slip resistance property of the trafficked surface to maintain the adhesion of a pedestrian shoe sole DD CEN/TS 15901-7:2009CEN/TS 15901-7:2009 (E) 6 4.5 bound surfac

38、e top layer or surface course of a road with the aggregates secured permanently in place NOTE Aggregates are commonly secured in place by bitumen or Portland cement. 4.6 operating speed speed at which the device traverses the test surface 4.7 contact area overall area of the road surface instantaneo

39、usly in contact with a tyre NOTE This term describes the overall area generally covered by the tyre. Due to the effects of surface texture or any tyre tread pattern, not all of the tyre or road surface in the contact area can be in contact at any instant. 4.8 slip speed relative speed between the te

40、st tyre and the travelled surface in the contact area 4.9 slip ratio slip speed divided by the operating speed NOTE For devices meeting the requirements of this Technical Specification the slip ratio is fixed by the geared braking system of the test wheel. 4.10 fixed slip condition in which a brakin

41、g system forces the test wheel to roll at a fixed reduction of its operating speed 4.11 braked wheel friction tester apparatus that can be moved over the test surface at a known, steady speed and that includes a test wheel, a system for braking the test wheel and instrumentation for measuring the re

42、sulting friction between the test tyre and test surface 4.12 vertical force load force applied by the wheel assembly on the contact area NOTE Some devices use an assumed load based on the static load. 4.13 horizontal force drag force acting tangentially on the test wheel in line with the direction o

43、f travel 4.14 GripTester device developed by “Findlay Irvine Ltd in the United Kingdom” in the form of a trailer which can be towed by a vehicle that contains the recording and control computer and a water supply, which is not manufactured under license 4.15 instantaneous LFC drag divided by the ver

44、tical load DD CEN/TS 15901-7:2009CEN/TS 15901-7:2009 (E) 7 4.16 longitudinal friction coefficient LFC ratio between horizontal force (drag) and vertical load (load) for a braked wheel in controlled conditions, which is normally a decimal number quoted to two significant figures NOTE LFC varies depen

45、ding on the slip ratio of the device and the operational speed. 4.17 LFCG LFCG measured by a small braked wheel fixed slip device meeting the requirements of this Technical Specification NOTE 1 It is the mean of a number of instantaneous friction readings over a defined length. NOTE 2 The range of t

46、he LFCG is 0,00 to 1,20. 4.18 sampling length distance over which responses of the sensors are sampled to determine a single measurement of the recorded variables NOTE 1 The sampling length depends upon the detailed operation of device and its recording system; a number of samples may be combined to

47、 determine a measurement for a subsection. NOTE 2 This should not be confused with horizontal resolution which is the shortest distance over which a change in the measured parameter can be detected. 4.19 subsection defined length of surface for which one set of the measured variables is reported by

48、the device NOTE Different devices may use different subsections depending on the context of the measurements, such as 1 m, 5 m, 10 m or 20 m. 4.20 test section length of road between defined points (e.g. location references, specific features, or measured distances) comprising a number of subsection

49、s over which a continuous sequence of measurements is made 4.21 water delivery system system for depositing a given amount of water in front of the test tyre so that it then passes between the tyre and the surface being measured 4.22 water flow rate rate at which water is deposited on the surface to be measured in front of the test tyre NOTE Water flow rate is expressed in litres per second (l/s). 4.23 theoretical water film thickness theoretica