BS 7533-1-2001 Pavements constructed with clay natural stone or concrete pavers - Guide for the structural design of heavy duty pavements constructed of clay pavers or precast conc.pdf

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1、| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRITISH STANDARD BS 7533-1:2001 ICS 93.080

2、.20 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Pavements constructed with clay, natural stone or concrete pavers Part 1: Guide for the structural design of heavy duty pavements constructed of clay pavers or precast concrete paving blocksThis British Standard, having been

3、prepared under the direction of the Sector Committee for Building and Civil Engineering, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 February 2001 BSI 02-2001 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference B/507 Draf

4、t for comment 98/108845 DC ISBN 0 580 33235 7 BS 7533-1:2001 Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Comments Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical Committee B/507, Paving units and kerbs, upon which the followi

5、ng bodies were represented: Brick Development Association British Cement Association British Ceramic Research Ltd. British Precast Concrete Federation Ltd. Cementitious Slag Makers Association Country Surveyors Society Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (Highways Agency) Instit

6、ution of Civil Engineers Institution of Highways and Transportation Interlay, the Association of Block Paving Contractors Interpave, the Concrete Block Paving Association Landscape Institute Society of Chemical Industry Stone Federation The following bodies were also represented in the drafting of t

7、he standard, through subcommittees and panels: British Civil Engineering Test Equipment Manufacturers Association Institution of Structural Engineers National Federation of Clay Industries Ltd. National Paving and Kerb AssociationBS 7533-1:2001 BSI 02-2001 i Contents Page Committees responsible Insi

8、de front cover Foreword ii 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions 1 4 General design criteria 2 5 New pavement design 3 6 Pavement course specification 9 7 Pavement overlay design 10 Annex A (informative) Specification of Highway Works clauses 13 Annex B (informative) Example of

9、the use of the design method for a new pavement 13 Annex C (informative) Example of the use of the component overlay design method 14 Bibliography 15 Figure 1 Pavement cross-section 5 Figure 2 New pavement design procedure Foundation design 7 Figure 3 New pavement design procedure Structural design

10、for roadbase and surfacing 9 Table 1 Equilibrium suction index CBR values 3 Table 2 Relationship between commercial vehicles per day and the number of standard axles for design lives of 20 years and 40 years at growth rates of 0 % and 2 % per annum 4 Table 3 Specification of Highway Works clauses 10

11、 Table 4 Material conversion factors (MCFs) for evaluating highway pavement materials 11 Table 5 Equivalent thickness of pavers and laying course 11 Table 6 Condition factor CF1 12 Table 7 Condition factor CF2 12 Table C.1 Existing pavement construction 14 Table C.2 Structural DBM equivalence 14 Tab

12、le C.3 Paver overlay 14ii BSI 02-2001 BS 7533-1:2001 1) In preparation. Foreword This part of BS 7533 has been prepared by Technical Committee B/507. It supersedes BS 7533:1992, which is withdrawn. BS 7533 will be published in the following parts: Part 1: Guide for the structural design of heavy dut

13、y pavements constructed of clay pavers or precast concrete paving blocks; Part 2: Guide for the structural design of lightly trafficked pavements constructed of clay pavers or precast concrete paving blocks; Part 3: Code of practice for laying precast concrete paving blocks and clay pavers for flexi

14、ble pavements; Part 4: Code of practice for the construction of pavements of precast concrete flags or natural stone slabs; Part 5 1) : Guide for the design of pavements (other structural aspects); Part 6: Code of practice for laying natural stone, precast concrete and clay kerb units; Part 7 1) : C

15、ode of practice for the construction of pavements of natural stone setts; Part 8 1) : Guide for the structural design of lightly trafficked pavements of precast concrete flags and natural stone slabs. Part 9 1) : Code of practice for laying clay pavers. Annexes A, B and C are informative. A British

16、Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front co

17、ver, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 15 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.BS 7533-1:2001 BSI 02-2001 1 1 Scope This British Standard provides guidance on the design of flexible pavements surfaced with c

18、lay or concrete block pavers manufactured in accordance with BS 6677-1 and BS 6717-1 respectively and laid in accordance with BS 7533-3. It applies to all pavements subjected to the usual road spectrum of axle loads up to 18 000 kg and trafficked by between 0.5 million standard axles (msa) and 12 ms

19、a, including both highway pavements and industrial pavements where the traffic is similar in character to highway vehicles. It specifically excludes heavy duty pavements with traffic exceeding 12 msa and other applications such as aircraft pavements and those in ports and specialized industrial area

20、s. NOTE 1 For design guidance for traffic levels of up to 0.5 msa, reference should be made to BS 7533-2. NOTE 2 This design method can also be used for pavements constructed with stone blocks having the dimensions, tolerances and characteristics consistent with the relevant requirements for clay an

21、d/or concrete pavers. 2 Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this part of this British Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not appl

22、y. For undated references, the latest edition of the publication referred to applies. BS 594-1, Hot rolled asphalt for roads and other paved areas Part 1: Specification for constituent materials and asphalt mixtures. BS 594-2, Hot rolled asphalt for roads and other paved areas Part 2: Specification

23、for the transport, laying and compaction of rolled asphalt. BS 1377-4:1990, Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes Part 4: Compaction-related tests. BS 4987-1, Coated macadam for roads and other paved areas Part 1: Specification for constituent materials and for mixtures. BS 4987-2

24、, Coated macadam for roads and other paved areas Part 2: Specification for transport, laying and compaction. BS 6677-1, Clay and calcium silicate pavers for flexible pavements Part 1: Specification for pavers. BS 6717-1, Precast concrete paving blocks Part 1: Specification for paving blocks. BS 7533

25、-2, Pavements constructed with clay, natural stone or concrete pavers Part 2: Guide for structural design of lightly trafficked pavements constructed with clay or concrete block pavers. BS 7533-3, Pavements constructed with clay, natural stone or concrete pavers Code of practice for laying precast c

26、oncrete paving blocks and clay pavers for flexible pavements. Department of Transport Specification for Highway Works, 1986 edition. Department of the Environment, Transport, and the Regions, London: The Stationery Office. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this part of BS 7533 the followin

27、g terms and definitions apply. 3.1 paver either a clay paver or a concrete block paver 3.2 laying course layer of material on which pavers are bedded 3.3 subgrade upper part of the soil, natural or constructed, that supports the loads transmitted by the overlying pavement 3.4 subgrade improvement la

28、yer capping layer layer of granular or treated material at the top of the subgrade to provide an improved foundation for the pavement2 BSI 02-2001 BS 7533-1:2001 3.5 sub-base one or more layers of material placed immediately above the subgrade 3.6 roadbase one or more layers of material placed above

29、 the sub-base that constitute the main structural elements of a pavement NOTE The roadbase can be a bituminous material and/or cement bound material. 3.7 channelized traffic traffic where the vehicle track width and the traffic lane width are virtually the same NOTE Normal lane widths in a highway d

30、o not constitute channelized traffic. 3.8 dynamic loading spectrum of loads normally occurring on highway pavements at vehicle speeds exceeding 30 mile/h (50 km/h) 3.9 standard axle axle carrying a load of 8 200 kg 3.10 cumulative traffic number of standard axles a pavement is designed to carry, mea

31、sured in million standard axles (msa) 3.11 commercial vehicle vehicle having an unladen weight exceeding 1.5 t 3.12 flexible pavement pavement, constructed with pavers jointed with sand laid on a laying course, which is assumed to behave in a flexible manner 4 General design criteria 4.1 Basis of de

32、sign The design of new flexible pavements is based upon the method given in TRRL Report LR 1132 1. In the case of overlay design either a surface deflection method or the component overlay method should be used according to the type of pavement to be overlain. 4.2 Special cases The design method des

33、cribed in clause 5 can be applied directly to the majority of flexible pavements. However, in some cases unusual or particularly onerous loading effects or other conditions should be taken into account, e.g. the following. a) Where channelized traffic is expected, the traffic figures should be multi

34、plied by three before carrying out the design, to allow for the increase in the concentrated application of loads at a particular location on the pavement. Normal lane widths in a highway do not generally constitute channelized traffic but channelized traffic can develop on any road, e.g. on steep h

35、ills, approaches to traffic signals and pinch points within traffic calming measures. b) Where speeds in excess of 30 mile/h (50 km/h) are expected, the cumulative traffic should be multiplied by two before carrying out the design to allow for dynamic loading effects. c) Where both channelized traff

36、ic and speeds in excess of 30 mile/h (50 km/h) occur only the higher multiplier, i.e. three, should be applied. d) Pavements constructed over frost-susceptible soils should have an overall thickness of non frost-susceptible material of not less than 450 mm.BS 7533-1:2001 BSI 02-2001 3 Table 1 Equili

37、brium suction index CBR values Type of soil Plasticity index High water table Low water table Construction conditions Construction conditions Poor Average Good Poor Average Good Heavy clay 70 1.5 to 2 2 2 1.5 to 2 2 2 to 2.5 60 1.5 to 2 2 2 to 2.5 1.5 to 2 2 2 to 2.5 50 1.5 to 2 2 to 2.5 2 to 2.5 2

38、2 to 2.5 2 to 2.5 40 2 to 2.5 2.5 to 3 2.5 to 3 2.5 3 3 to 2.5 Silty clay 30 2.5 to 3.5 3 to 4 3.5 to 5 3 to 3.5 4 4 to 6 Sandy clay 20 2.5 to 4 4 to 5 4.5 to 7 3 to 4 5 to 6 6 to 8 10 1.5 to 3.5 3 to 6 3.5 to 7 2.5 to 4 4.5 to 7 7 to 8 Silt 111122112222 Sand (poorly graded) 20 Sand (well graded) 40

39、 Sandy gravel (well graded) 60 NOTE 1 This table indicates reasonable estimates of equilibrium values of CBR for combinations of poor, average and good construction conditions with high and low water tables. Good conditions pertain where the subgrade is protected promptly with a subgrade improvement

40、 layer or sub-base and the site is well drained with adequate falls. This results in subgrades never becoming wetter than their equilibrium moisture contents beneath the finished road. Poor conditions pertain where there is little or no subgrade protection and rainfall occurs on a poorly drained sit

41、e so that the soil is fully wetted. NOTE 2 A high water table is one 300 mm or less below formation level and is consistent with ineffective sub-soil drainage. A low water table is 1 m or more below formation level. e) Materials whose successful performance is dependent upon compaction being underta

42、ken at critical moisture contents should only be used when engineering supervision can ensure that a stable construction can be achieved. NOTE Some materials given in clause 804 of the Department of Transport Specification for Highway Works, 1986 edition, (see annex A) may fall into this category. 5

43、 New pavement design 5.1 Subgrade assessment The design California Bearing Ratio (CBR) should be obtained either by testing or by measurement of the plasticity index of the subgrade material. In the case of CBR testing, the method described in BS 1377-4:1990, clause 7 should be used. The sample shou

44、ld be taken at subgrade level and tested at estimated long-term moisture content. In situations where it is possible that the subgrade will become saturated during part or all of the life of the pavement, the method employing the soaking procedure should be used. Alternatively, equilibrium suction i

45、ndex CBR values should be used. In the case of fine grained soils, the equilibrium suction index CBR can be determined from a knowledge of the plasticity index as shown in Table 1. As effective subgrade drainage can have a significant effect on long-term CBR values, it should be considered during th

46、e design procedure. NOTE 1 Filter drains set at the appropriate level and discharging to a satisfactory outfall or main drainage system have been found to perform satisfactorily. On sites where the CBR varies from place to place, the lowest recorded values should be used or appropriate designs shoul

47、d be provided for different parts of the site using the lowest CBR recorded in each part. NOTE 2 It may be possible to remove soft spots and therefore ignore those low CBR values which relate to the removed material. Consideration should be given to using portable CBR measuring apparatus, some of wh

48、ich have been found to give sufficiently accurate results on fine grained soils when carried out at appropriate depths and moisture contents. It is often the case that a large number of CBR measurements undertaken with this type of apparatus is preferable to a relatively few measurements undertaken

49、with the full scale in situ CBR measuring apparatus.4 BSI 02-2001 BS 7533-1:2001 Care should be exercised in the interpretation of site investigation data as the strength of soils is a function of their moisture content, the in-service strength may be much lower in soils than the recorded values in the site investigation. Care should also be exercised in using CBR values measured in summer as artificially high figures may be obtained due to the dryness of the soil. Particular care should be exercis