BS 7370-2-1994 Grounds maintenance - Recommendations for the maintenance of hard areas (excluding sports surfaces)《地面保养 坚硬区域保养推荐方法(不包括运动场地面)》.pdf

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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 7370-2: 1994 Grounds maintenance Part 2: Recommendations for the maintenance of hard areas (excluding sports surfaces) UDC 712.25.004.54BS7370-2:1994 This British Standard, having been prepared under the directionof the Environment andPollution Standards Policy Committee, was pub

2、lished underthe authority of the Standards Board and comes intoeffect on 15July1994 BSI 10-1999 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference EPC/2 Draft for comment 93/506825 DC ISBN 0 580 23317 0 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparati

3、on of this British Standard was entrusted by the Environment and Pollution Standards Policy Committee (EPC/-) to Technical Committee EPC/2, upon which the following bodies were represented: Anglian Water Authority Association of County Councils Association of Playing Fields and Landscape Managers Br

4、itish Association of Landscape Industries British Waterways Board Commonwealth War Graves Commission Department of Transport Institute of Groundsmanship Institute of Leisure and Amenity Management Institute of Water and Environmental Management Landscape Institute National Farmers Union National Tur

5、fgrass Council Scottish Natural Heritage Sports Turf Research Institute Water Services Association of England and Wales Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsBS7370-2:1994 BSI 10-1999 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword iii Section 1. General Introd

6、uction 1 1.1 Scope 1 1.2 References 1 1.3 Definitions 1 Section 2. Range of surfacing materials and structures 2.1 Materials 3 2.2 Structures 4 Section 3. Maintenance objectives for surfaces 3.1 General 5 3.2 Cleanliness 5 3.3 Integrity of material 6 3.4 Moss and algae 6 3.5 Evenness 6 3.6 Breakage

7、6 3.7 Permeability 6 3.8 Safety 7 3.9 Appearance and durability 7 3.10 Control of weed growth 7 Section 4. Methods and procedures for maintenance of surfaces 4.1 Inspection 8 4.2 Sweeping and litter control 8 4.3 Cleaning 8 4.4 Sealing 9 4.5 Removal of snow and ice 9 4.6 Weed control 10 4.7 Concrete

8、 in situ surfaces 11 4.8 Reinstatement of trenches across concrete slabs 11 4.9 Removal of stains 12 4.10 Unit paved areas 13 4.11 Flexible pavings (uncoated) 14 4.12 Flexible pavings (bituminous surfacing) 15 4.13 Playgrounds 16 Section 5. Walls, fences and other structures 5.1 General 18 5.2 Maint

9、enance objectives 18 5.3 Fences 18 5.4 Timber structures 18 5.5 Metal fencing 19 5.6 Brickwork and rendering 19 5.7 Concrete structures 20 5.8 Stone walls 20 5.9 Retaining walls 20BS7370-2:1994 ii BSI 10-1999 Page Section 6. Outdoor lighting 6.1 General 21 6.2 Performance 21 6.3 Systems 21 6.4 Maint

10、enance 21 6.5 Replacement 21 6.6 Cleaning 22 6.7 Costs 22 Annex A (normative) Check-list for inspection and maintenance of hard areas 23 Annex B (informative) Organizations 27 Annex C (informative) Herbicides 28 Figure 1 Repair of concrete slab: breaking out 13 Figure 2 Preparation of pot holes or t

11、renches for reinstatement 16 Figure 3 Nomogram for determining the maintenance factor of an outdoor lighting installation 22 Table 1 Recommended maintenance objectives for cleanliness of hard areas 5 Table 2 Inspection of hard areas 8 Table 3 Rates for spreading salt 9 Table 4 Recommended treatments

12、 for specific stains 14 Table A.1 Check-list for inspection and maintenance 24 Table C.1 Herbicides for the control of weeds in hard areas 29 List of references 31BS7370-2:1994 BSI 10-1999 iii Foreword This Part of BS7370 has been prepared under the direction of the Environment and Pollution Standar

13、ds Policy Committee. BS7370 has been prepared in order to provide those responsible for the upkeep of land that has recreational or amenity use, or a functional purpose that is not solely for agriculture, commercial horticulture or forestry, with a series of recommendations for the various aspects o

14、f such maintenance. It has been assumed in the drafting of this British Standard that the execution of its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people, for whose guidance it has been prepared. This Part of BS7370 gives categories of surface for hard areas and maintenanc

15、e objectives together with recommended methods and procedures for maintenance. BS7370 at present comprises the following Parts: Part 1: Recommendations for establishing and managing grounds maintenance organizations and for design considerations related to maintenance; Part 2: Recommendations for th

16、e maintenance of hard areas (excluding sports surfaces); Part 3: Recommendations for maintenance of amenity and functional turf (other than sports turf); Part 4: Recommendations for maintenance of soft landscape (other than amenity turf); Part 5: Recommendations for maintenance of water areas 1) . F

17、urther Parts may be prepared, as necessary. NOTEThe numbers given in square brackets throughout the text relate to publications given in “List of references”. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for the

18、ir correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv, pages1to 32, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see

19、copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. 1) In preparation.iv blankBS7370-2:1994 BSI 10-1999 1 Section 1. General Introduction The main objectives of a system of maintenance for hard areas are as follows: a) to

20、 preserve the surfaces in sound structural condition; b) to keep them safe for users; c) to maintain a good appearance. These objectives can be achieved only by regular inspection and maintenance. Regular inspection of all areas is a necessary part of maintenance works if costly repairs, due to negl

21、ect, are to be avoided. Additional inspections may be necessary after severe weather conditions, such as frost and snow. A check-list for inspection and maintenance of hard areas is given in Annex A, and a list of organizations concerned with the manufacture, installation and repair of hard surfaces

22、 and components is given inAnnex B. When construction or redesign of a hard feature is being planned, subsequent maintenance may be minimized by taking account of the guidance given in this standard. 1.1 Scope This Part of BS7370 gives recommendations for dealing with general maintenance and minor r

23、epairs to hard areas (excluding sports surfaces). It does not cover major repairs which may involve redesign, but does cover reinstatements after disturbance. NOTERoads that are the responsibility of the Highway Authority are not covered, nor are reinforced ground, or water courses. 1.2 References 1

24、.2.1 Normative references This Part of BS7370 incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are made at the appropriate places in the text and the cited publications are listed on page 31. For dated references, only the edition cited appl

25、ies; any subsequent amendments to, or revisions of the cited publication apply to this Part of BS7370 only when incorporated in the reference by amendment or revision. For undated references, the latest edition of the cited publication applies, together with any amendments. 1.2.2 Informative referen

26、ces This Part of BS7370 refers to other publications that provide information or guidance. Editions of these publications current at the time of issue of this standard are listed on page32, but reference should be made to the latest editions. 1.3 Definitions For the purposes of this standard the fol

27、lowing definitions apply. 1.3.1 to cut back to trim edges of a damaged surface prior to repair 1.3.2 fall gradient of an inclined surface 1.3.3 finished surface visible completed surface 1.3.4 fluxed diluted with paraffin or creosote to ease application 1.3.5 furniture items associated with, but not

28、 an integral part of, the structures described in this standard NOTEFurniture includes notices, signs and plant containers. 1.3.6 lean concrete concrete (or mortar) mix with a reduced cement content NOTELean concrete is also referred to as “weak mix”. 1.3.7 pointing completion of joints between bric

29、ks, blocks or paving, either in new work or in the restoration of joints during maintenance 1.3.8 punner rammer used to compact bulk constructional materials, for example, hoggin or macadam 1.3.9 salt a chemical compound conforming to BS3247:1991, used alone or in combination with grit to delay the

30、onset of ice formation or to remove ice or snow 1.3.10 spalling break up of concrete or masonry surface, loosening pieces sufficiently for them to detach NOTESpalling is often caused by frost following water penetration. 1.3.11 subgrade surface natural ground below an applied surface, e.g.a road NOT

31、ESubgrade surface is also known as “formation level”.BS7370-2:1994 2 BSI 10-1999 1.3.12 tack coat thin coat of bitumen emulsion applied to an existing surface in order to improve the adhesion of additional material to that surface 1.3.13 wood float finish surface of concrete that has been finished w

32、ith a wooden floatBS7370-2:1994 BSI 10-1999 3 Section 2. Range of surfacing materials and structures 2.1 Materials 2.1.1 The range of constructional materials which may be used and which are covered by this standard is as follows: a) in situ concrete, which is reinforced or unreinforced and which is

33、 laid for footpaths and hardstandings; b) precast concrete slab paving, of50mm, (63mm or70mm thickness, conforming to sizes in BS7263-1:1990; also in other sizes, and thicknesses in the range38mm to70mm in a wide range of surface finishes; c) natural stone paving, including regional variants such as

34、 limestone, sandstone and slate in various sizes and thicknesses; d) setts, traditionally in granite or gritstone, but concrete alternatives are now produced in a variety of sizes and finishes, including interlocking designs; e) standard clay bricks, of engineering quality or conforming to categoryF

35、 of BS3921:1985 which may be used in pavings and walls. Purpose-made paving bricks are available generally50mm or65mm thick with standard brick dimensions(215mm 102.5mm) and in “modular” sizes (e.g.200mm 100mm). Brick paving can be “rigid” (bedded and jointed with mortar), or “flexible” (laid on san

36、d with narrow sand-filled joints in accordance with BS 6677-3:1986); f) concrete paving blocks which are generally available60mm,65mm,80mm and sometimes100mm thick, either rectangular (usually200mm 100mm), or square, hexagonal, octagonal, or a variety of interlocking shapes depending on the manufact

37、urer. These are usually laid as flexible paving on a sand bed, in accordance with BS6717-3:1989; g) fired clay quarry tiles, used externally, provided attention is given to slip resistance; h) terrazzo, laid in situ and also in block or tile form, to various loadbearing capabilities; i) cobbles, whi

38、ch are natural rounded stones, best laid tight butted, as are also traditional kidney cobbles laid on edge, so that directional patterns are possible; j) loose gravel or crushed rock, used in sizes up to approximately10mm diameter, suitable only for light traffic and in certain amenity areas; k) nat

39、ural self-binding gravels and crushed rocks, i.e.aggregate containing a quantity of fine material (stone dust or clay) and a matrix of gravel or stone, which binds when rolled together. It is generally suitable for light traffic and certain amenity areas. There are regional variations in colour and

40、characteristics and the supply is often strongly localized; l) surface dressed gravel, comprising a layer of tar or bitumen binder which is overlaid with a layer of clean chippings conforming to BS63-2:1987. This has the effect of sealing the base on to which it has been laid, producing a more durab

41、le and skid resistant surface; m) coated macadam (conforming to BS4987-1:1993). The wearing course can be of material from6mm to14mm nominal size and of open, medium or close texture. In general, this material is suitable for most types of traffic; n) cold asphalt (fine graded macadam conforming to

42、BS4987-1:1993) which is suitable for all types of amenity and pedestrian area, but which is not recommended for heavy traffic; o) hot rolled asphalt (conforming to BS594-1:1992), an impervious hot rolled material which can be laid with or without precoated chippings and which is suitable for all typ

43、es of area, but is normally justified only for those which carry heavy traffic; p) safety surfaces, including loose materials and proprietary surfaces primarily installed to reduce injury from falls, e.g. around childrens play equipment; q) timber, as treated softwood or hardwood in fences, screens

44、or retaining structures. Some types may be used for decking or block paving; r) metal, used for a wide range of fencing, furniture, and light fittings. 2.1.2 The range of chemical materials available for use in connection with hard landscapes is considerable and a number of precautionary steps shoul

45、d be taken. NOTEAttention is drawn to the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH)1 and to Food and Environment Protection Act1985 (FEPA) Regulations2, which cover their storage, handling and use. Corrosive and poisonous chemicals should be handled with great care.BS7370-2:1994 4 BSI 10-199

46、9 A manufacturers data sheet is required to be provided by law and should be obtained from the supplier prior to purchase of the product. It is essential that face masks, rubber gloves, goggles and other protective clothing should be worn where indicated, expert guidance should be obtained before us

47、ing the materials, and reference should be made to manufacturers information. Some solvents are highly flammable and others give off toxic vapours, so suitable precautions, such as providing good ventilation, should be taken when handling these chemicals. Chemicals and solvents may have particular s

48、torage requirements, e.g.avoiding frost or direct sunlight, which should be observed to avoid deterioration or fire risk. Manufacturers documentation should be referred to or their advice obtained. 2.2 Structures 2.2.1 Walls 2.2.1.1 General These recommendations are limited to visual inspection of s

49、uch structures in order to monitor their safety and appearance. It is essential that any indications of damage or potential defects should be referred to a structural engineer for advice, as freestanding retaining walls over about1.0m high are important structural features in the context of public spaces and have to be competently repaired. Repairs should be carried out using equivalent materials, maintaining the original batter (if any). 2.2.1.2 Free-standing walls Free-standing walls may be used for enclosure and shelter, usually in as