BS 7346-7-2013 Components for smoke and heat control systems Code of practice on functional recommendations and calculation methods for smoke and heat control systems for covered c.pdf

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1、BSI Standards PublicationBS 7346-7:2013Components for smoke andheat control systems Part 7: Code of practice onfunctional recommendations andcalculation methods for smokeand heat control systems for coveredcar parksPublishing and copyright informationThe BSI copyright notice displayed in this docume

2、nt indicates when the documentwas last issued. The British Standards Institution 2013Published by BSI Standards Limited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 79205 2ICS 13.220.20The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard:Committee reference FSH/25Draft for comment 13/30264663 DCPublication histor

3、yFirst published October 2006Second (present) edition, August 2013Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS 7346-7:2013 BRITISH STANDARDContentsForeword iiIntroduction 11 Scope 42 Normative references 43 Terms and definitions 54 Smoke and heat control system selection 105 Design fires

4、116 Vehicle exhaust pollution control 127 Natural dispersal smoke ventilation 138 Ducted mechanical extract for smoke clearance 149 Impulse ventilation to achieve smoke clearance 1610 Impulse ventilation to assist fire-fighting access 1911 Impulse ventilation to protect means of escape 2212 Smoke an

5、d heat exhaust ventilation systems (SHEVS) 2313 Smoke control duct sections and smoke control dampers 2414 Controls and power supplies 2415 Pre-installation verification 2816 Interaction with other fire protection systems and other buildingsystems 2817 Commissioning 3118 Documentation to be supplied

6、 with smoke and heat control system 3319 Maintenance and safety 35AnnexesAnnex A (normative) Smoke control duct sections and smoke controldampers 36Annex B (normative) Computer-based models 38Annex C (informative) Lighting, signage, public address and voice alarmsystems 39Bibliography 41List of figu

7、resFigure 1a Typical mechanical ventilation using a ducted smoke clearancesystem: plan view 15Figure 1b Typical mechanical ventilation using a ducted smoke clearancesystem: section view 15Figure2Typical mechanical ventilation using an impulse smoke clearancesystem 17Figure3Typical mechanical ventila

8、tion using an impulse system for fire-fighteraccess 19Figure 4 Area with at least 10 m substantially clear approach to fire forfire-fighters 20Figure 5 Design regions for a single volume space 23List of tablesTable 1 Steady-state design fires 12Table 2 Example checklist for commissioning of a smoke

9、and heat controlsystem 32Summary of pagesThis document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to ii,pages 1 to 42, an inside back cover and a back cover.BRITISH STANDARD BS 7346-7:2013 The British Standards Institution 2013 iForewordPublishing informationThis part of BS 7346 is publ

10、ished by BSI Standards Limited, under licence fromThe British Standards Institution, and came into effect on 31 August 2013. It wasprepared by Technical Committee FSH/25, Smoke, heat control systems andcomponents. A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its

11、 secretary.SupersessionThis part of BS 7346 supersedes BS 7346-7:2006, which is withdrawn.Relationship with other publicationsBS 7346 is published in the following parts: Part 4: Functional recommendations and calculation methods for smoke andheat ventilation systems, employing steady-state design f

12、ires Code ofpractice; Part 5: Functional recommendations and calculation methods for smoke andheat ventilation systems, employing time-dependent design fires Code ofpractice; Part 7: Code of practice on functional recommendations and calculationmethods for smoke and heat control systems for covered

13、car parks.Information about this documentThis is a full revision of the standard, and introduces the following principalchanges: car parks with stacker systems; reference to guidance on the ventilation of loading bays and coach parks.Use of this documentAs a code of practice, this part of BS 7346 ta

14、kes the form of guidance andrecommendations. It should not be quoted as if it were a specification andparticular care should be taken to ensure that claims of compliance are notmisleading.Any user claiming compliance with this part of BS 7346 is expected to be able tojustify any course of action tha

15、t deviates from its recommendations.Presentational conventionsThe provisions of this standard are presented in roman (i.e. upright) type. Itsrecommendations are expressed in sentences in which the principal auxiliaryverb is “should”.Commentary, explanation and general informative material is present

16、ed insmaller italic type, and does not constitute a normative element.Contractual and legal considerationsThis publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of acontract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunit

17、y from legalobligations.BRITISH STANDARDBS 7346-7:2013ii The British Standards Institution 2013IntroductionBackground to smoke control in car parksVentilation of covered car parks is usually recommended in order to limitconcentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) and other vehicle emissions in theday-to-

18、day use of car parks and to remove smoke and heat in the event of afire. The same equipment is often used to satisfy both requirements. Thisstandard, recognizing the dual use of such systems, also provides guidance onusage for vehicle emission ventilation.The recommendations in this standard are pro

19、vided for smoke and heat controlsystems installed in car parks, with or without sprinkler protection. The mainbenefit of sprinklers is to control the size of fire to be dealt with by the fire andrescue service. This is reflected in the design fire sizes recommended for carparks with and without spri

20、nklers.NOTE In 2006, the Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG)commissioned the Building Research Establishment Group (BRE) to carry out athree-year project on fire spread in car parks 1. The work included a series of 11full-scale fire tests, including two cars on a “stacker” test ri

21、g. The data has beenused to validate the appropriateness of the steady-state design fires quoted in thisdocument. Where a time-dependent design fire is used, the data within the reportcan be referenced where appropriate.Car park ventilation systems can be designed for one or more of three purposesin

22、 the event of a fire:a) to assist fire-fighters to clear smoke from a car park during and after a fire;b) to provide relatively smoke-free access for fire-fighters to a point close tothe seat of the fire;c) to protect means of escape from the car park.At the time of publication, smoke control is not

23、 required in UK legislation toprovide relatively smoke-free access or protect means of escape in car parks.Nevertheless, it is possible in some cases to design a ventilation system that willassist both. Smoke and heat exhaust ventilation systems (SHEVS) or impulseventilation systems might be suitabl

24、e.The system requirements differ depending upon the purpose. Not all types ofventilation systems are suitable for all purposes. Recommendations and criteriaare provided for the design of systems for all three purposes.Clearance of smoke during the fire and after the fire has been suppressed willassi

25、st in search and rescue operations, checking for primary and additional seatsof fire, as well as returning the building to its normal use.a) To assist fire-fighters to clear smoke from a car park during and after a fire.Smoke clearance systems are intended to assist fire-fighters by providingventila

26、tion to allow speedier clearance of the smoke once the fire has beenextinguished. The ventilation might also help reduce smoke density andtemperature during the course of a fire. These systems are not specificallyintended to maintain any area of a car park clear of smoke, to limit smokedensity or te

27、mperature to within any limits, or to assist means of escape.It is possible that some smoke clearance systems could actually worsenconditions for means of escape if set in operation too early by encouragingsmoke circulation and descent of the smoke layer. For this reason it might bepreferable to eit

28、her delay operation after automatic actuation or to provideonly manual actuation from a fire service override switch.BRITISH STANDARD BS 7346-7:2013 The British Standards Institution 2013 1b) To provide relatively smoke-free access to fire-fighters to a point close tothe seat of the fire.Relatively

29、smoke-free access is provided specifically in order to assist fire-fightersin carrying out fire-fighting operations. The system is designed to operateautomatically in response to a suitable fire detection system and ensuresrelatively smoke-free access by fire-fighters to a point close to the seat of

30、 thefire. Primarily, such systems assist fire-fighting by:1) detecting the origin of the fire to a specific location in the car park,allowing easier identification by fire crews;2) moving the smoke and heat from that location towards a specific extractpoint or points;3) creating a relatively smoke-f

31、ree approach zone or bridgehead clear of thefire. This allows fire-fighters to assemble personnel and equipment infavourable conditions and fire-fighting operations to be carried out morequickly, safely and efficiently.Because of 3), it is vitally important that the location of all fire-fighting acc

32、esspoints into the car park are accounted for during the design process. It is oflittle benefit if the smoke and heat is moved towards, for example, the onlyaccess route available to fire-fighters for fire-fighting purposes.In large or complex car parks where impulse fans are employed, there might b

33、emultiple extract points. Such systems could be configured to move the smoke inone of several directions, depending on the location of the fire. Again, it isimportant to ensure that there are suitably located fire-fighting access points toallow the bridgehead to be created for each design fire scena

34、rio considered.In addition, correctly designed smoke and heat control systems of this type couldalso prove advantageous to fire-fighters by diluting and cooling smoke andpreventing the build-up of high local temperatures. As a result, it is possible toinstall them as part of a fire-engineered soluti

35、on or as compensation for the lackof other fire protection measures, e.g. sprinklers.It is important that the design of no smoke and heat control system, wheninstalled, worsens the level of safety for occupants and fire-fighters, using as abasis for comparison above-ground car parks with natural cro

36、ss-ventilation withpermanent openings.c) To protect means of escape from the car park.Where smoke and heat control systems are installed in car parks for purposesother than protecting the means of escape, there is a need to avoid smokeprejudicing escape. If there is any concern that automatic operat

37、ion of a smokeand heat control system could prevent persons from escaping, it is preferable toeither select an alternative system design or introduce an appropriate delayperiod before full activation of the system.Smoke ventilation recommendations in car parks are outlined in The BuildingRegulations

38、 Approved Document B 2, The Building Regulations (NorthernIreland) Technical Booklet E 3 and Scottish Building Standards TechnicalHandbooks 4. These guidance documents recommend provision of systems forpurpose a), smoke clearance, only. Systems for purposes b) and c) are thereforeusually provided ei

39、ther as part of a fire engineered solution or as acompensating feature for other fire protection measures that might not fullyconform to those recommendations.BRITISH STANDARDBS 7346-7:20132 The British Standards Institution 2013The following types of ventilation might be considered as alternatives

40、andrecommendations on the design criteria for each are given in this BritishStandard: natural ventilation (see Clause 7); ducted mechanical ventilation (see Clause 8); impulse ventilation (see Clauses 9, 10 and 11); smoke and heat exhaust ventilation system (SHEVS) (see Clause 12).Further considerat

41、ionsAny ventilation system, unless permanently open, is dependent upon suitablepower supplies and controls for correct operation.Ventilation systems interact with other building services and fire protectionsystems in normal operation, whether by design or as a by-product of operation.In some car par

42、ks, especially underground car parks associated with residentialbuildings, there are storage areas accessed directly from the car park. These areused by residents to store personal possessions, and thus such storage areas willcontain materials which are not known to the designer since there is no co

43、ntrolover such private areas.BRITISH STANDARD BS 7346-7:2013 The British Standards Institution 2013 31 ScopeThis part of BS 7346 gives guidance on functional recommendations andcalculation methods for smoke and heat control systems for covered parkingareas for cars and light commercial vehicles.NOTE

44、 1 It is assumed that cars powered by fuels other than petrol or diesel willhave a fire performance similar to vehicles powered by petrol or diesel. Thisassumption might be revised in a future edition of this standard if furtherinformation suggests it is necessary.It is intended for system designers

45、, installers of systems, regulatory authorities,for example building control officers and fire safety officers, and those whomanage the fire safety of car parks.It gives recommendations for systems designed for open-sided car parks and forenclosed car parks. It covers: systems intended to protect me

46、ans of escape for occupants of the car parkor the building housing the car park; systems intended to assist active fire-fighting operations; and systems intended to provide smoke clearance following suppression of afire.It includes recommendations for natural open-sided ventilation and for ductedmec

47、hanical ventilation. It includes guidance on performance-based smokecontrol using impulse ventilation systems and smoke and heat exhaustventilation systems (SHEVS). Time-dependent and steady-state design methodsare included as appropriate for each smoke control approach. Control of vehiclepollutant

48、emissions is included where it influences the optimization of smokecontrol. Following the BRE fire tests on car stacker systems, it also includesrecommendations for fire sizes and fire suppression in these types ofinstallations.Smoke and heat control systems for loading bays and coach parks are notc

49、overed by this standard.NOTE 2 Guidance on loading bays and coach parks can be found in the FETApublication, Design of smoke ventilation systems for loading bays and coach parks a guide for system designers 5.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in thisdocument and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, onlythe edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of thereferenced document (including any amendments) applies.BS 5839-1, Fire dete