BS 2945-1995 Specification for axes and hatchets《斧子和手斧规范》.pdf

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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 2945:1995 Incorporating Amendment No.1 Specification for Axes and hatchetsBS2945:1995 This British Standard, having been prepared under the directionof the Engineering SectorBoard (E/-), was publishedunder the authority ofthe Standards Board and comesinto effect on 15March1995 BS

2、I 08-1999 First published February 1958 Second edition March 1995 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference MTE/15 Draft for comment 93/701081 DC ISBN 0 580 21823 6 Committees responsible for this British Standard The preparation of this British Standard w

3、as entrusted to Technical Committee MTE/15, upon which the following bodies were represented: British Coal Corporation British Telecommunications plc Consumer Policy Committee of BSI Federation of British Hand Tool Manufacturers Handle Manufacturers Association Institute of Carpenters Institute of T

4、rading Standards Administration Ministry of Defence The following bodies were also represented in the drafting of the standard, through subcommittees and panels: Birmingham City Council British Engineers Cutting Tools Association County Surveyors Society Department of Trade and Industry (Consumer Sa

5、fety Unit, CA Division) London Borough of Barking and Dagenham Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Comments 8923 December 1995 Indicated by a sideline in the marginBS2945:1995 BSI 08-1999 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword ii 1 Scope 1 2 Normative refere

6、nces 1 3 Definitions 1 4 Material 1 5 Manufacture 2 6 Heat treatment and hardness 2 7 Masses, dimensions and tolerances 2 8 Fitting 9 9 Tests 9 10 Finish 9 11 Marking 9 Annex A (normative) Tests 10 Annex B (informative) Notes on safe usage and storage 10 Figure 1 Heads for wedge axes and hatchets (A

7、merican type) 3 Figure 2 Heads for Kent axes 4 Figure 3 Heads for mine deputys axes 5 Figure 4 Wooden handles for wedge axes and hatchets (American type) 6 Figure 5 Wooden handles for Kent axes 7 Figure 6 Glass fibre handles for Kent axes 8 Figure 7 Handles for mine deputys axes 8 Table 1 Compositio

8、n of axe and hatchet heads 1 Table 2 Typical composition of steel handles 1 Table 3 Dimensions of heads for wedge axes and hatchets (American type) 3 Table 4 Dimensions of heads for Kent axes 4 Table 5 Dimensions of heads for mine deputys axes 5 Table 6 Dimensions of wooden handles for wedge axes an

9、dhatchets (American type) 6 Table 7 Dimensions of wooden handles for Kent axes 7 Table 8 Dimensions of glass fibre handles for Kent axes 8 Table 9 Dimensions of wooden handles for mine deputys axes 8 Table A.1 Bending test for glass fibre reinforced plastics handles and for steel handles 10 List of

10、references Inside back coverBS2945:1995 ii BSI 08-1999 Foreword This British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the Engineering Sector Board. It supersedes BS2945:1958 which is withdrawn and includes the mine deputys axe used by British Coal Corporation (BCC specification689) and axes

11、 with non-wooden handles. The axe types and masses have been rationalized to reflect those areas where demand remains, following the market effects of chain saws. It will be appreciated that the usage and life of an axe or hatchet are such as to make it virtually impossible to devise tests which wil

12、l fully simulate the day-to-day conditions of use. Nevertheless, it is felt that the quality of axes and hatchets made according to this standard will be such that they can be purchased with confidence. Whilst it was stated in the previous edition of this standard that wall thickness around the eye

13、was a critical point, with the deletion of the English felling axe and the superior design of the wedge axes specified in Figure 1, this is no longer a problem. For the purpose of this specification, the axes and hatchets are regarded as being complete with the handles; however, vital dimensions are

14、 included so that when heads and handles are purchased separately, they will be dimensionally compatible. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Sta

15、ndard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pagesi andii, pages1 to10, an inside back cover and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporat

16、ed. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover.BS2945:1995 BSI 08-1999 1 1 Scope This British Standard specifies the dimensions, mass, quality and performance of the following types of tools: wedge axe (including hatchets); Kent axe; mine deputys axe. Methods of test for

17、 axes and hatchets are given in Annex A and guidance on the safe use of hatchets and axes is given in Annex B which also gives recommendations for the correct storage of wooden handles. 2 Normative references This standard incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publicatio

18、ns. These normative references are made at the appropriate places in the text and the cited publications are listed on the inside back cover. For dated references, only the edition cited applies; any subsequent amendments to or revisions of the cited publication apply to this standard only when inco

19、rporated in the reference by amendment or revision. For undated references, the latest edition of the cited publication applies, together with any amendments. 3 Definitions For the purposes of this British Standard, the following definitions apply. 3.1 hatchet a chopping tool up to and including a h

20、ead mass of1kg 3.2 axe a chopping tool having a head mass over1kg 4 Material 4.1 Heads Axe and hatchet heads shall be manufactured from fully killed forging quality steel from either: a) within the basic analysis range specified inTable 1. b) steels of different composition but possessing at least e

21、quivalent mechanical properties to steel of the composition specified inTable 1. The steels shall have a controlled grain size within the range5 ASTM to8 ASTM (seeBS4490). NOTEIt is recommended that, for heads of mass over1.4kg, the material specification should include a chromium content of0.20%(m/

22、m) to0.30%(m/m). Table 1 Composition of axe and hatchet heads 4.2 Handles 4.2.1 General Handles shall be made from any of the materials specified in4.2.2 to4.2.4, provided that they withstand the appropriate tests specified in clause9 andAnnex A. 4.2.2 Wooden handles Wooden handles shall be manufact

23、ured from hickory of a grade not below BW/BR conforming to BS3823:1990. 4.2.3 Steel handles Where steel handles are used, they shall be either: a) a forged or welded extension of the head; or b) a seamless or welded steel tube securely fastened to the head in such a manner that they will not loosen

24、under normal working conditions. There shall be no opening at either end of the handle tube when the complete tool is assembled. The butt end of steel handles shall have, securely fixed, a grip made of a material that will suffer only minimal deterioration as a result of the action of oil and grease

25、. The minimum length of such grips shall be165mm. The shape shall be similar to that specified for wooden handles. NOTE 1The shape may be sculptured to improve grip. NOTE 2A typical analysis for steel tube for steel handles is given inTable 2. Table 2 Typical composition of steel tube for steel hand

26、les Element Min. %(m/m) Max. %(m/m) C 0.55 Si 0.10 0.40 Mn 0.60 0.80 S 0.050 P 0.050 Cr a 0.20 0.30 a Recommended masses for head above1.4kg. Element Min. %(m/m) Max. %(m/m) C 0.40 0.50 Mn 1.15 1.45 Si 0.10 0.35 Cr 0.15 0.35BS2945:1995 2 BSI 08-1999 4.2.4 Glass fibre reinforced plastics handle The s

27、haft for a glass fibre reinforced plastics handle shall be moulded in thermosetting type plastics containing a minimum of60%(m/m) glass fibre. Glass fibres shall be continuous, unidirectional and longitudinal. Handles shall be fixed to the head by a chemical adhesive or other means so that they will

28、 not loosen in the head during normal use or normal storage. The shaft shall be fitted with either an integrally moulded handle moulding or a hand grip as specified in4.2.3. 5 Manufacture 5.1 Heads Heads shall be forged in one piece from the solid. (SeeFigure 1,Figure 2 andFigure 3) All heads shall

29、be free from burrs, cracks and any other defects which may adversely affect the performance of the axe or may, during proper use of the axe (seeAnnex B), give rise to the risk of injury to the operator. 5.2 Eye The eye shall be central in the width of the head. The head shall be in correct alignment

30、 with the handle and the cutting edge shall lie in the same plane as the axis of the handle. 5.3 Handles The shapes shall conform to those shown in Figure 4,Figure 5,Figure 6 andFigure 7. 6 Heat treatment and hardness 6.1 Heads All heads shall be in the normalized condition prior to hardening. After

31、 normalizing the head shall be hardened on the cutting edge to achieve a fully martensitic structure and then tempered to give a hardness not less than48HRC and not more than56HRC. The hardened zone at the cutting edge shall extend to a minimum depth of20mm, at which the hardness shall be not less t

32、han44HRC and to a maximum depth of40mm, at which it shall be not harder than35HRC. 6.2 Steel handles Steel handles shall be hardened between47HRC to52HRC. 6.3 Eye The eye hardness shall not exceed35HRC. 6.4 Hardness tests Hardness tests shall be carried out in one of the following ways: a) in accord

33、ance with BS891, using a machine that has been verified in accordance with BS891; b) using an alternative method in conjunction with tables for comparison of hardness scales given in BS860. 7 Masses, dimensions and tolerances 7.1 Head The masses and dimensions of the heads, and the allowable toleran

34、ces shall conform to those given in Table 3,Table 4, andTable 5 and Figure 1,Figure 2 andFigure 3 respectively. 7.2 Handle Unless otherwise agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser the principal dimensions of the handles shall conform to those given in Table 6,Table 7 andTable 8.BS2945:1995

35、 BSI 08-1999 3 Table 3 Dimensions of heads for wedge axes and hatchets (American type) NOTEFor handles seeFigure 4 and Table 6. Figure 1 Heads for wedge axes and hatchets (American type) Mass of head 10% Head dimensions (in mm) lbs kg A 6 B 6 C 6 D 3 E 4.5 F 1.5 1 0.6 136 76 38 14 48.5 22 31.5 24 1

36、0.8 152 92 47.5 16 57 22 36.5 25.5 3 1.4 179 103 63 20.5 70 27 52 30 4 2.0 206 119 63 20.5 79 28.5 56 32 5 2.3 210 130 63 20.5 90.5 29 58 32 6 2.7 233 144 63 20.5 93.5 31.5 58.5 32.5 NOTEDimensions C and D apply at the rear of the eye. The dimensions at the front of the eye shall be greater than C a

37、nd D in all cases. G +0 5 W +3 0BS2945:1995 4 BSI 08-1999 Table 4 Dimensions of heads for Kent axes NOTEFor handles seeFigure 5 andFigure 6 andTable 7 andTable 8. Figure 2 Head for Kent axes Head mass % kg Head dimensions (in mm) A 6 B 6 C 3 D 2 E 5 F 2 G 3 1.1 188 122 52 17 44 29 46 NOTEDimensions

38、C and D apply at the rear of the eye. The dimensions at the front of the eye shall be greater than C and D in all cases. +7.5 5.0BS2945:1995 BSI 08-1999 5 Table 5 Dimensions of heads for mine deputys axes NOTEFor handles seeFigure 7 andTable 9. Figure 3 Heads for mine deputys axes Mass of head % A 6

39、 B 6 C 3 C 1 3 D d E 5 F 1.5 G 3 1.6kg 230 74.5 54 27 24 13 38 35 82 NOTE 1Dimensions C, D, C 1and d apply at the rear of the eye. The dimensions at the front of the eye shall be greater than C, D and d in all cases. NOTE 2Dimension D is at a position from the top of the eye of D/2. +7.5 2.5BS 2945:

40、1995 6 BSI 08-1999 Table 6 Dimensions of wooden handles for wedge axes and hatchets (American type) NOTEFor axe heads seeFigure 1 and Table 3. Figure 4 Wooden handles for wedge axes and hatchets (American type) Nominal mass of head Handle dimensions (in mm) lb kg A 5 B 6 C max. D max. E max. K amin.

41、 L amin. M 2 N 2 P 2 Q 2 R min. S min. 1 0.6 350 45 25 75 150 38 14 38 14 41 17 32 20 35 24 55 32 41 2 1 0.8 400 60 25 80 150 49 14 49 14 52 19 34 20 35 24 55 32 57 2 3 1.4 700 65 25 220 230 62 19 62 20 65 23 35 20 35 22 60 35 60 2 4 2.0 800 90 25 220 310 62 19 62 20 65 23 36 21 35 23 60 35 85 2 5 2

42、.3 900 90 25 220 410 62 19 62 20 65 23 36 21 35 23 60 35 85 2 6 2.7 900 90 25 220 410 62 19 62 20 65 23 37 22 36 24 60 35 85 2 NOTEDimension C is the distance from the rear of the axe to the knuckle. a The dimension of K and L shall always be greater than the maximum dimensions of the appropriate ey

43、e. F +1 0 G +1 0 H +1 0 J +1 0 T+1 0BS 2945:1995 BSI 08-1999 7 Table 7 Dimensions of wooden handles for Kent axes NOTE 1Dimension C is the distance from the rear of the axe to the handle. NOTE 2For axe heads seeFigure 2 andTable 4. Figure 5 Wooden handles for Kent axes Nominal mass of head Dimension

44、s of handles (in mm) lbs kg A 15 B 6 C max. D max. E max. K min. L min. M 2 N 2 P 2 Q 2 R min. S min. 2.5 1.1 450 65 25 110 180 55 17 55 17 57 22 38 21 36 25 45 32 60 2 F +1 0 G +1 0 H +1 0 J +1 0 T +1 0BS2945:1995 8 BSI 08-1999 Table 8 Dimensions of glass fibre handle for Kent axes Table 9 Dimensio

45、ns of wooden handles for mine deputys axes NOTE 1Dimension C is the distance from the rear of the axe to the handle. NOTE 2For axe heads seeFigure 2 and Table 4. Figure 6 Glass fibre handles for Kent axes Dimensions in millimetres A 10 B 10 C 3 D 1 E 0.5 F 0.5 G 1 H 0.5 457 215 57 33 12.5 15.5 44.5

46、22 NOTEFor axe heads seeFigure 3 and Table 5. Figure 7 Handle for mine deputys axes Dimensions in millimetres A 10 B 5 C 5 D 5 F 2 G 2 H 2 J 2 K 2 760 or 910 65 120 35 54 27 60 33 36 30 E 0 2BS2945:1995 BSI 08-1999 9 8 Fitting 8.1 Wooden handles The handle shall fully fit the eye. It shall be positi

47、vely and securely fixed by means of wedges and cleats, and it shall be visually square to the head. The handle shall have a smooth finish at the point where it joins the head. If wedges are used as a means of fixing, either initially or for a replacement handle, the handle shall be wedged and cleate

48、d so that the shaft is spread into the eye of the head in all directions. If wooden wedges are used, they shall be as hard, or harder than, the handle material. NOTEWhen wedges are used as the means of fixing, the material in the eye should remain clearly visible for any subsequent inspection. 8.2 N

49、on-wooden handles Handles in materials other than wood shall be securely fastened to conform to the tests specified in clause9 and Annex A and so that they do not work loose in normal use or storage. NOTEA ferrule, adaptor, sleeve or similar device may be fitted immediately below the head. 9 Tests 9.1 Impact test Hatchets shall be tested in accordance with Annex A wh