BS 185-18-1970 Glossary of aeronautical and astronautical terms - Astronautics《航空和航天术语词汇 第18节 航天学》.pdf

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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 185: Section18: 1970 Glossary of aeronautical and astronautical terms Section 18: Astronautics UDC 001.4:629.78BS185:Section 18:1970 This British Standard, having been approved by the AerospaceIndustry Standards Committee, was published underthe authority of the Executive Board o

2、f the Institutionon 21 July 1970 BSI 01-2000 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference ACE/1 Draft for comment 66/13701 ISBN 0 580 06471 9 A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards

3、 are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages1 to 4 and a back cover. This standard has been updated (s

4、ee copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsBS185:Section18:1970 BSI 01-2000 i Contents Page Subsection 181. General 1 Subsection 182. Vehicles and comp

5、onents 2 Subsection 183. Launching and re-entry 3 Subsection 184. Orbits 4ii blankBS185:Section18:1970 BSI 01-2000 1 (Notes on the arrangement and scope of the glossary are contained in the Foreword to Section 1.) The terms in this section are limited to those special to astronautics. Other terms re

6、lating to both missiles and astronautics are included in Section 6 of this glossary. Subsection 181. General No. Term Definition 18101 ablation The removal of material, by pyrolysis, from the surface of a rapidly moving body as a result of aerodynamic heating, including atmospheric friction. 18102 h

7、eat of ablation A measure of the effective heat capacity of an ablating material, numerically the heating rate input divided by the mass loss rate which results from ablation. 18103 ablative coating A coating of material, such as quartz or glass-reinforced plastics, which pyrolyses during ablation t

8、o give a fused thermally insulating layer to underlying structures. 18104 aeroballistics The study of the interaction of projectiles or high speed vehicles with the atmosphere. 18105 aerophysics The study of the physical properties of celestial bodies and the space between them. 18106 aerospace Pert

9、aining to the properties of and activities in both the Earths atmosphere and space. 18107 aerothermodynamics That part of the science of aerodynamics in which thermal effects predominate. 18108 albedo A measure of the reflecting power of the surface of a celestial body. 18109 astronautics All activi

10、ties relating to locomotion outside the Earths atmosphere. (Cf. 1101.) 18110 astronomical unit (ofdistance) The mean distance of the Earth from the sun. 18111 astrophysics The study of the physics of the atmosphere, particularly as it affects the flight of bodies at high speeds or extreme altitudes.

11、 18112 cislunar Relating to space between the Earth and the moons orbit. 18113 deep space Space at lunar distances and beyond. 18114 horizon scanning Examination of the periphery of the Earths (or other bodys) disc (asseen from a satellite), e.g. to determine the geometric centre of the circle and t

12、hus establish the vertical. 18115 pyrolysis The decomposition or vaporization of a substance at very high temperature. 18116 sensible atmosphere That part of the Earths atmosphere that offers appreciable resistance to a body passing through it. 18117 weightlessness The condition of a body in which t

13、he only forces acting on it are gravitational, so that no stresses can be perceived.BS185:Section 18:1970 2 BSI 01-2000 Subsection 182. Vehicles and components No. Term Definition 18201 air lock A device by which personnel and/or equipment can be transferred between any two regions of markedly diffe

14、rent pressures, e.g. for the movement of crew members of a spacecraft into and out of the craft when in flight. 18202 boost glide vehicle BOOST-GLIDER A vehicle (half aircraft, half spacecraft) designed to be boosted by rockets into the upper atmosphere or the space above, returning to Earth by glid

15、ing under aerodynamic control. 18203 control rocket A small rocket motor, the thrust from which is used to change the attitude, speed or direction of a spacecraft. 18204 electric propulsion Any form of propulsion in which the propellant consists of charged electrical particles accelerated by electri

16、cal or magnetic fields or both. 18205 ion engine An engine, using electric propulsion, in which the ionized particles are electrostatically accelerated. 18206 plasma engine An engine, using electric propulsion, in which the ionized particles are magnetically accelerated, the positive and negative io

17、ns forming a jet of neutral plasma. 18207 heat shield A thermal protection system for a re-entry body, usually having an ablative coating on the outer surface. 18208 hypersonic glider An unpowered vehicle, specifically a re-entry vehicle, designed to fly at hypersonic speeds. 18209 nose cone The con

18、e-shaped front end of a rocket or space vehicle, consisting of a chamber or chambers containing the satellite, instruments, equipment, etc., and of an outer surface constructed to withstand high temperatures, e.g.those experienced during re-entry. 18210 paraglider A kite-like device designed for dep

19、loyment in a re-entry vehicle or in a recovery system for a launch vehicle. 18211 probe (space) An instrumented vehicle moving through space or landing upon another celestial body to obtain and transmit information about its environment. 18212 retro rocket motor RETROJET RETROROCKET A rocket motor f

20、or decelerating a missile or spacecraft. 18213 satellite A relatively small body that revolves under the action of gravity about another primary body of greater mass. 18214 attitude-stabilized satellite A satellite designed to maintain one or more of its axes in a specified direction or directions,

21、e.g. toward the centre of the primary body or toward a fixed position in space. 18215 communication satellite A satellite which is intended to reflect or relay radio signals for telecommunication. 18216 active communication satellite A communication satellite which receives and re-transmits radio si

22、gnals by means of radio equipment on board. 18217 passive communication satellite A communication satellite which only reflects radio signals. 18218 meteorological satellite A satellite carrying instruments which obtain and transmit meteorological information to Earth stations.BS185:Section18:1970 B

23、SI 01-2000 3 No. Term Definition 18219 synchronous satellite A satellite having an orbital period equal to the period of rotation of the primary body about its own axis. 18220 twenty-four hour satellite A synchronous satellite orbiting the Earth. 18221 stationary satellite FIXED SATELLITE A synchron

24、ous satellite in a circular, equatorial orbit, moving in the direction of rotation of the primary body. 18222 geo-stationary satellite A stationary satellite orbiting the Earth. 18223 shroud A portion of a spacecraft or propulsive rocket structure used only as an aerodynamic fairing for passage thro

25、ugh the sensible atmosphere. It may be subsequently jettisoned. 18224 solar cell A device that converts sunlight directly into electrical energy. 18225 space system A system consisting of launch vehicle(s), spacecraft and ground support equipment. 18226 spacecraft Any type of vehicle, whether manned

26、 or unmanned, intended to travel at distances from the Earth at which the influence of the Earths atmosphere is negligible. 18227 capsule Of a spacecraft. That part which houses the crew and/or the instruments. (See also5377.) 18228 re-entry vehicle That part of a spacecraft designed to re-enter the

27、 Earths sensible atmosphere in the terminal portion of its trajectory. Subsection 183. Launching and re-entry A. LAUNCHING 18301 escape velocity The minimum velocity which an object must attain in order to escape from the gravitational field of a primary body. 18302 launch vehicle LAUNCHER Any devic

28、e which propels and guides a spacecraft into orbit about the Earth or into a transitional orbit to another celestial body. 18303 burn-out angle The angle between the local vertical and the velocity vector at termination of thrust of a launch vehicle. B. RE-ENTRY 18304 gas cap The gas immediately in

29、front of a body travelling so rapidly into a planetary atmosphere that the gas is compressed and aerodynamically heated to incandescence. 18305 re-entry The return of a body into the Earths sensible atmosphere after it has been propelled beyond it. 18306 ballistic re-entry Re-entry which is retarded

30、 only by the sensible atmosphere, without the use of any special control devices. 18307 re-entry corridor The regime of trajectory and velocity required for the safe return of a spacecraft into the Earths atmosphere. 18308 re-entry window The area at the limits of the Earths atmosphere through which

31、 a spacecraft in a given trajectory must pass to achieve a landing at a predetermined point.BS185:Section 18:1970 4 BSI 01-2000 Subsection 184. Orbits No. Term Definition 18401 apogee The point of maximum distance attained by a satellite in an elliptical orbit about the Earth or, by extension, any o

32、ther primary body. 18402 braking ellipses A series of orbits, approximately elliptical and decreasing in size due to aerodynamic drag, followed by a spacecraft in entering a planetary atmosphere. 18403 gravity gradient The change in the gravitational force per unit distance from the primary body. It

33、 gives rise to a torque on a satellite in orbit. 18404 orbit The path described by a satellite. To a first approximation, all orbits are simple conic sections, e.g. circular orbit, elliptical orbit. 18405 equatorial orbit An orbit, the plane of which coincides with that of the equator of the primary

34、 body. 18406 inclined orbit An orbit in a plane between those of the equatorial and polar orbits. 18407 parking orbit An orbit of a spacecraft around a celestial body, used for assembly or checking of components or to wait for conditions favourable for departure from the orbit. 18408 polar orbit An

35、orbit, the plane of which contains the polar axis of the primary body. 18409 transitional orbit TRANSFER ORBIT The path followed by a satellite which is caused to depart from its orbit round one primary body to enter one round another primary body. 18410 perigee The point of minimum distance attaine

36、d by a satellite in an elliptical orbit about the Earth or, by extension, any other primary body. 18411 perturbation The small departures of a satellite from a smooth orbit, produced by the gravitational pull of a third body or by other forces. 18412 spiral transfer The movement of a satellite, in s

37、pirals from a low to a higher orbit, or vice versa, caused by the application of thrust continuously to it tangentially to its flight path.blankBS 185: Section 18: 1970 BSI 389 Chiswick High Road London W4 4AL BSIBritishStandardsInstitution BSI is the independent national body responsible for prepar

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