ASTM F2681-2008 Standard Specification for Body Protectors Used in Equine Racing《赛马用身体保护装置的标准规范》.pdf

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1、Designation: F 2681 08Standard Specification forBody Protectors Used in Equine Racing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2681; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number i

2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONEquine racing is a sport with intrinsic hazards. It is recognized that serious injury or death can resultfrom both low-energy and high-energy i

3、mpacts, even when body protectors are worn. It is alsorecognized that body protection must be acceptable for the sport, the user, and to the regulatingassociations or agencies requiring their use. This specification has been developed with an emphasison providing comfortable, nonrestrictive impact p

4、rotection in a lower weight garment. Injuries will notbe prevented by protective padding in accidents involving severe torsion, flexion or crushing of thebody. Acknowledging these limitations, this specification was developed using resources in themedical, scientific, engineering, human factors, and

5、 biomedical fields, as well as resources fromequine competitors and professional Standardbred drivers and Thoroughbred jockeys. This specifi-cation draws from work done by others where appropriate for this specification, and these standardsmay be referenced. It should be noted that this specificatio

6、n specifies a laboratory test of a completedbody protectors ability to reduce impacts.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers minimum performance criteriaand describes test methods for body protectors for use inequine racing in a controlled environment.NOTE 1It is recognized that it is not possible to

7、 write a body protectorperformance standard that will result in products that can protect againstall types of injury or death in an accident.1.2 It is not the intention of this specification to bar fromconsideration materials of improved quality or performance notknown at time of development of this

8、 specification.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to

9、 establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 1446 Test Methods for Equipment and Procedures Usedin Evaluating the Performance Characteristics of ProtectiveHeadgear2.2 BSI Stand

10、ards:3EN 13158:2000 Protective clothing protective jackets,body and shoulder protectors for horse riders Require-ments and test methods2.3 SAE Standards4SAE J211 Recommended Practice for Instrumentation forImpact Tests Requirements for Channel Class 10003. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specifi

11、c to This Standard:3.1.1 In addition to terms defined in Test Methods F 1446,the following terms are specific to this specification.3.1.2 body protector, nsleeveless garment covering de-fined areas of the torso and lower back and consisting of one ormore layers of material and designed to reduce tra

12、uma fromimpacts and falls.3.1.3 calibration impact surface, nflat modular elastomerprogrammer (MEP), as specified in Test Methods F 1446.3.1.4 equine racing, nany event or activity on a flat dirt,grass, or synthetic surface track that emphasizes the horsesand riders or drivers ability to complete a

13、designated distance1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.55 onBody Padding.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published September 2008.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the AS

14、TM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from British Standards Institute (BSI), 389 Chiswick High Rd.,London W4 4AL, U.K., http:/www.b

15、si-.4Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.or course in as short a time as possible (for example, Stand

16、ard-bred, Thoroughbred, and Quarter Horse racing).3.1.5 impact surface, nflat anvil, as specified in theApparatus section of Test Methods F 1446, used as the impactsurface for the shock attenuation test (see 7.2).3.1.6 padding, nany material or structure designed toabsorb or distribute, or both, imp

17、act energy.3.1.7 spherical impactor, nspherical impactor, as speci-fied in Test Methods F 1446, used for the impact attenuationsystem check (see 10.1) and impact test procedures (see 11.2).4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 Materials:4.1.1 All materials used in the fabrication of the bodyprotector shal

18、l be known as suitable for the intended applica-tion. All padding materials used in the body protector shall notpermanently distort during an exposure of at least4htoanytemperature in the range from -15 6 2to406 2C, nor shallthe material be significantly affected by exposure to ultravioletradiation,

19、 water, dirt, or vibration.4.1.2 Materials coming into contact with the wearers skinshall not be a type known to cause skin irritation or diseases.These materials shall not undergo significant loss of strength,flexibility, or other physical change as a result of contact withperspiration or body oil.

20、 Any material used in the constructionof body protectors shall not be adversely affected by ordinaryhousehold soap and water, mild household detergent, orcleaners recommended by the manufacturer.4.1.3 Adhesive materials used to attach padding or straps tothe body protector shall be of a formulation

21、that will not alterthe chemical or physical properties of the materials to an extentas to reduce their protective qualities.4.1.4 The manufacturer of the body protector shall providewritten documentation to the testing laboratory indicating thatthe materials used in the body protector fulfill the re

22、quirementsof 4.1.1-4.1.3.4.2 Body Protector Assembly:4.2.1 Any optional devices provided by the manufacturer ofthe body protector and fitted to the body protector shall be sodesigned that they are unlikely to cause any injury to thewearer or other participants during contact. If the manufacturerprov

23、ides optional devices then the body protector shall betested with the optional devices fitted to the body protector.4.2.2 Any unfaired projection extending more than 7 mmfrom the body protector outer surface shall break away orcollapse when impacted with forces equivalent to those pro-duced by the i

24、mpact tests described in 11.2 of this specifica-tion. There shall be no fixture on the inner surface of the bodyprotector projecting more than 2 mm from the inner surface ofthe body protector toward the wearers body.4.3 Extent and Form of PaddingThe coverage of the bodyprotector listed in Section 6

25、shall be capable of being evaluatedaccording to 11.2 and shall meet the impact requirements ofSection 5. The extent of coverage shall include at least all ofthe designated areas shown in Fig. 1.NOTE 2The body protector may have reduced padding thickness overthe shoulder, and it does not require padd

26、ing in areas outside the test areadefined in Fig. 1.FIG. 1 Dimensional Coverage RequirementsF26810824.4 AttachmentsThe components of the fasteners for se-curing attachments to the body protector shall not reduce theimpact attenuation properties of the body protector.5. Performance Requirements5.1 Ge

27、neralBody protectors shall be capable of meetingthe requirements in this specification throughout their fullrange of adjustment.5.2 When tested in accordance with 11.1, the force toseparate any closures shall not be less than 50 N. Thisrequirement shall be met at ambient temperature 21 6 3C andat a

28、relative humidity of 50 6 15 %.5.3 The velocity of any test impact shall be 3.15 m/s 6 2%.The peak acceleration of any test impact shall not exceed300 g, when conditioned as described in 9.1 and when tested inaccordance with 11.2.6. Dimensioning, Sizing and Body Coverage6.1 The whole circumference o

29、f the torso shall be coveredby the body protector.6.2 All measurements shall be taken from the edge of thepadding material to the edge of the padding material asdesignated in 6.3. The outer material that holds the paddingmaterial shall not be considered to be padding material.6.3 DimensioningBody pr

30、otectors shall have dimensionsas shown in Fig. 1. Dimension A shall be the mid-value of therange of the chest circumference, in centimetres, that themanufacturer states the body protector will fit. Dimension Bshall be reported in centimetres and defined by the followingequation:B 520.011!A21 2.66A 6

31、5.56 (1)which represents the mathematically calculated anthropometricmean for the waist to waist over the shoulder length for chestsizes of 53 to 122 cm.6.3.1 Four vertical reference lines, as defined inEN 13158:2000, are to be used: C and C separated by 25% ofDimension A on the chest, and D and D s

32、eparated by 25% ofDimension A on the back.6.3.2 The padding shall extend for more than 30% ofDimension B along the lines C and C (C in Fig. 1).6.3.3 The padding shall extend for more than 45% ofDimension B along the lines D and D (D in Fig. 1).6.3.4 The padding shall extend for a length greater than

33、 25%of Dimension B in the center front (E in Fig. 1).6.3.5 The armhole circumference shall be measured byplacing the armhole opening over the test device shown in Fig.2. The point at which the armhole opening circumferencecontacts the cone measurement device at all points around thecircumference of

34、the armhole shall be considered to be thearmhole circumference. The circumference of the armholeshall be less than 70% of Dimension A (F in Fig. 1).6.3.6 The minimum width of padding across the backbetween the armholes shall be more than 30% of Dimension A(G in Fig. 1).6.3.7 The minimum width of pad

35、ding across the chestbetween the armholes shall be more than 20% of Dimension A(H in Fig. 1).6.3.8 The maximum vertical dimension (depth) of the frontneck opening shall be less than 15% of Dimension B (I in Fig.1).6.3.9 The maximum vertical dimension (depth) of the backneck opening shall be less tha

36、n 10% of Dimension B (J in Fig.1).FIG. 2 Armhole Circumference Measurement DeviceF26810836.3.10 The test area shall consist of the area bounded bydimensions A, C, C, D and D as shown in Fig. 1.7. Apparatus7.1 Dimensioning, Sizing and CoverageThe apparatus forthe dimensioning, sizing and coverage eva

37、luation shall include:7.1.1 Cloth Tape Measure, metric, capable of reportingmeasurements to the nearest 0.1 cm.7.1.2 Armhole Circumference Measurement Device, shownin Fig. 2. The armhole circumference measurement deviceshall be fabricated from any material that will not significantlydegrade over tim

38、e. Suitable materials include plastic, metal orwood.7.2 Shock Attenuation TestThe apparatus for the shockattenuation test shall consist of the following:7.2.1 Guide AssemblyThe spherical impactor shall beattached to the free fall drop assembly carriage by an adjustablemounting that will allow impact

39、s to be delivered to any pointof the body protector within the area designated by 6.3,provided that the center of any impact is not less than 50 mmfrom any padding edge, and at least 100 mm from any priorimpact center. The carriage shall be free to slide on verticalguides. If wires are used, they sh

40、all be placed under at least845 N tension. The guide assembly shall not weigh more than1.100 kg. The total weight of the guide assembly and sphericalimpactor shall be 5.0 6 0.1 kg.7.2.2 Recording EquipmentThe recording equipmentshall meet the following criteria:7.2.2.1 Acceleration TransducerA linea

41、r accelerometershall be mounted at the center of gravity of the sphericalimpactor and carriage assembly with the sensitive axis alignedto within 5 of the vertical when the spherical impactor is in theimpact position. The transducer shall be capable of withstand-ing a shock of 1000 g without damage a

42、nd shall have afrequency response (variation 6 1.5%) from 5 to 900 Hz.7.2.2.2 Impact RecordingThe impact shall be recordedusing digital data processing equipment that complies with therequirements of SAE J211. The minimum sampling rate shallnot be less than 10 kHz, and the resolution shall be not le

43、ssthan 12 bits (including sign).7.2.2.3 Signal FilteringAnalog or digital filtering of theacceleration data channel shall comply with the requirementsof SAE J211.7.2.3 Closure Test EquipmentThe closure test equipmentshall consist of a force gauge capable of measuring up to 100 Nwithout damage to the

44、 device. The force gauge shall have anaccuracy of 65% and be capable of reporting force to thenearest 1 N.8. Sampling and Test Schedule8.1 A total of four specimens of each size of the protectormodel shall be submitted for testing. The ambient sample shallbe tested for dimensioning, sizing, and body

45、 coverage prior toclosure testing. Upon completion of closure testing, the ambi-ent sample shall be subjected to impact attenuation testing. Asummary of the sampling and test schedule appears in Table 1.9. Conditioning9.1 Prior to testing, condition one body protector apiece ineach of the following

46、four ways:9.1.1 Ambient TemperatureCondition one body protectorfor a period of not less than4hatlaboratory conditions at atemperature of 21 6 3C and a relative humidity of 50 6 15%.Record the temperature to the nearest degree and the relativehumidity to the nearest percent at the time of testing on

47、thereport form for each test series.9.1.2 Low TemperatureCondition the second body protec-tor by exposing it to a temperature of -15 6 3C for not lessthan 4 h nor more than 24 h in a mechanically cooledapparatus.9.1.3 High TemperatureCondition the third body protec-tor by exposing it to a temperatur

48、e of 50 6 3C for not lessthan 4 h nor more than 24 h.9.1.4 Water ImmersionCondition the fourth body protec-tor by fully immersing in potable water at a temperature of 196 3C for not less than 4 h nor more than 24 h.9.1.5 Testing for Conditioned SpecimensComplete alltesting on body protectors within

49、5 min after removal from theconditioning environment. If testing cannot be completedwithin 5 min, the body protector shall be returned to theconditioning environment for a minimum of 15 min for each5 min period that they are out of the conditioning environment,prior to the resumption of testing.10. System Check10.1 Impact Attenuation Instrumentation System CheckThe system instrumentation shall be checked before and aftereach series of tests by dropping the spherical impactor onto theMEP pad at an impact velocity of 5.44