ASTM D7069-2004 Standard Guide for Field Quality Assurance in a Ground-water Sampling Event《地下水取样中现场质量保证的标准指南》.pdf

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1、Designation: D 7069 04Standard Guide forField Quality Assurance in a Ground-water Sampling Event1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7069; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.

2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the quality assurance (QA) methodsthat may be used to assure the validity of data obtained duringthe sampling of

3、a ground-water monitoring well. QA is anyaction taken to ensure that performance requirements are metby following standards and procedures. Following QA prac-tices becomes even more critical if the data must be validatedin a court of law. Under certain conditions, it may be necessaryto follow additi

4、onal or different QA practices from those listedin this guide. QA practices should be based upon data qualityobjectives, site-specific conditions, and regulatory require-ments.1.2 This standard addresses QA procedures used in the fieldand does not refer to laboratory QA procedures1.3 This standard a

5、lso does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and to determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This standard provides g

6、uidance for selecting andperforming various field QA procedures. This document cannotreplace education or experience and should be used in con-junction with professional judgement. Not all of the proceduresare applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is notintended to represent or replace

7、 the standard of care by whichthe adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,nor should this document be applied without consideration ofa projects many unique aspects. The word “standard” in thetitle of this document means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM consen

8、sus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 5903 Standard Guide for Planning and Preparing for aGroundwater Sampling EventD 6089 Standard Guide for Documenting a Ground-WaterSampling EventD 6452 Guide for Purging Methods for Wells Used forGround-Water Quality InvestigationsD 6517 Guide

9、for Field Preservation of Ground-WaterSamplesD 6564 Guide for Field Filtration of Ground-Water SamplesD 5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Nonradioactive Waste SitesD 5608 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Low Level Radioactive Waste Sites3. Terminology3

10、.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this speci-fication, refer to Terminology D 653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: Note thatthese are basic definitions. Information on the purposes of thevarious QA samples is provided in section 5.3.2.1 quality assurance (QA)actions

11、 taken to ensure thatstandards and procedures are adhered to and that deliveredproducts or services meet performance requirements (reference1).3.2.2 Field Duplicatesa set of samples that are collectedclose in time and space and in a manner so that the samples arethought to be representative of the a

12、mbient water compositionat the time of collection.3.2.3 Field Split Samples samples obtained by dividingone sample into two or more subsamples either before or aftersample preservation and are subject to identical handling andanalysis.3.2.4 Field Blank or Ambient Blanklaboratory water thatis exposed

13、 to the same environmental conditions as thesamples.3.2.5 Equipment Blank or Rinsate Blankdeionized waterthat is passed sequentially through each component of theequipment system used for collecting and processing theenvironmental samples.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 o

14、n Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved July 1, 2004. Published July 2004.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. Fo

15、r Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.6 Trip Blank or Travel Blanklaboratory-grade waterthat is poured i

16、nto the sample bottle at the laboratory prior tothe sampling event and remains unopened as is travels with thesample containers to the field and is stored and shipped withthe samples.3.2.7 Microbiological Blank or Sterile Container Blankdeionized water in a sterile container that is taken to the fie

17、ldand opened prior to being shipped to the laboratory with theother ground-water samples.3.2.8 Temperature Blank or Temperature Controlcontainerized water that is kept with the samples from the timeof collection until the samples are refrigerated at the laboratory.3.2.9 Matrix Spikea ground-water sa

18、mple to which aspike solution of known concentrations of selected analytes isadded either in the field or in the laboratory.4. Significance and Use4.1 Field QA demonstrates the effectiveness of field qualitycontrol procedures. Effective QA facilitates the collection ofstatistically significant data

19、that is defendable scientifically andin a court of law. QA also involves the use of consistentprocedures, increasing the validity of data comparison amongsampling locations and events.4.2 This guide should be used by a professional or techni-cian who has training or experience in ground-water sampli

20、ng.5. Procedure5.1 Field QA Samples. There are several types of QAsamples including duplicates, blanks, temperature controls, andmatrix spikes. The numbers and types of QA samples to becollected should be specified in the Sampling and AnalysisPlan (SAP). QA samples that are collected from monitoring

21、wells should be obtained using the same method of collectionas the other samples. The same preservatives should be usedfor both the ground-water samples and the associated QAground-water samples.5.1.1 Field duplicateThe field duplicate is an independentsample collected as close as possible to the lo

22、cation of a samplethat is part of the sampling scheme at approximately the sametime as the sampling scheme sample. It is a widely acceptedpractice to collect one set of field duplicates for every tensamples or at least one set per sampling event if less than tensamples are collected. The field dupli

23、cate is analyzed for thesame parameters as the original sample and therefore maycomprise a set of sample containers. Duplicates should becollected in the same order each time, such as following thecollection of the original ground-water sample. This QAsample is used to assess the analytical precisio

24、n by comparingthe relative percent difference in values between the sampleconcentration and the sample duplicate concentration. The fieldduplicate sample results are also an indication of the reproduc-ibility of the sampling procedures.5.1.2 Field Split SamplesField split samples are collectedinto a

25、 single container, then split between two or morecontainers. Splits should not be taken when the action ofsplitting could affect the concentration of the analyte(s) ofinterest. Results of split sample analyses can be used tocompare the data generated by different laboratories or differ-ent analytica

26、l methods.5.1.3 Field Blank or Ambient BlankThis type of QAsample is a container of laboratory water which is opened inthe field to expose the water to field conditions duringsampling. This QA sample is used to determine contaminationof samples from atmospheric conditions during sampling. Thelid is

27、also removed to add the same preservatives found in theground-water samples. Some QA programs may also requirethe field blank be passed through the sampling equipment.5.1.4 Equipment Blank or Rinsate BlankThis type of QAsample is a container of laboratory water that is passed througheach piece of sa

28、mpling equipment after it has been decontami-nated. The number of equipment blanks is determined by thetypes and amount of sampling equipment used in the ground-water sampling trip. The exact number of equipment blanksand the procedure for collecting the equipment blank(s) shouldbe specified in the

29、SAP. Equipment blank results indicate if thecontaminants have been introduced to the samples by thetransfer of residuals on the sampling equipment betweensampling locations due to incomplete decontamination. Equip-ment blanks are not required if dedicated or disposablesampling equipment is used.5.1.

30、5 Trip Blank or Travel BlankTrip blanks are preparedand sealed in the laboratory prior to the sampling event. Theseblanks contain laboratory water with preservatives as required.The blanks are not unsealed until they are ready to be analyzed.Trip blanks accompany the other sample containers througho

31、utthe sampling event including transport to and storage at thelaboratory. Results of trip blank analyses indicate contamina-tion that may have been introduced by the sample container orduring sample handling, shipment, or storage.5.1.6 Microbiological Blank or Sterile Container BlankThis blank is us

32、ed when ground-water samples are collectedfor bacteriological tests. A sterile container with deionizedwater is taken to the field and opened prior to being shipped tothe laboratory with the other ground-water samples. No pre-servatives are added to this type of blank. Some QA programsmay also requi

33、re the microbiological blank be passed throughthe sampling equipment. Results of microbiological blankanalyses are used to determine if microorganisms are intro-duced to the samples during handling, shipment, and storage.5.1.7 Temperature Blank or Temperature ControlThisblank is containerized water

34、that is kept with the samples fromthe time of collection until the samples are refrigerated at thelaboratory. One temperature blank should be included in eachshipping container. The laboratory will then use this control toverify the temperature of the ground-water samples so that theother samples ne

35、ed not be tampered with for this purpose.Measuring the temperature of these blanks is used to determineif the temperature requirements for samples were met duringshipping.5.1.8 Matrix Spikehis QA sample involves the collectionof another sample at an already established sampling pointusing the proced

36、ures described for the field duplicate. Thevolume and number of matrix spike samples varies dependingon the type(s) of sample parameter(s) that are analyzed. Matrixspike sample results are used to determine if the results arebiased (such as by interference in the measurement of onechemical by the pr

37、esence of another or by turbidity) for aD7069042particular sample matrix. Matrix spike duplicates are also takenat the location of the matrix spike. They are collected using thesame procedures as the matrix spike. Matrix spike duplicatesare used by the laboratory to assess the analytical precisionwh

38、ile analyzing a given sample matrix. Requirements formatrix spikes and matrix spike duplicates are dictated by thelab QA program.5.2 Procedures Affecting the Quality and Consistency ofSamples. There are many procedures performed during aground-water sampling event that can affect the consistencyand

39、quality of the data. Field procedures for ground-watersampling should be documented in a sampling and analysisplan (SAP). Field QA practices should facilitate meeting thedata quality objectives. The sampling plan should be kept up todate to reflect any changes in on-site conditions or procedures.The

40、 sampler should be familiar with the procedures outlined inthe SAP prior to the sampling event and should have a copyavailable in the field. Established procedures for collecting thesamples, documenting field procedures (D 6089), and decon-taminating the equipment (D 5088 and D 5608) should befollow

41、ed to yield valid data. Use of consistent procedures overtime facilitates valid comparison of changes in ground-waterchemistry over time. Most or all of the procedures that followshould be addressed in the SAP, and are those that can affectthe data quality.5.2.1 Contact the laboratory to coordinate

42、sampling and thecollection of QA samples prior to sampling. On some projects,an additional person may be designated as the liaison betweenthe laboratory and the project manager during the samplingevent to ensure that samples are being handled, collected, andshipped according to QA procedures.5.2.2 C

43、onduct real-time documentation of all samplingactivities (Guide D 6089) including a record of all QA samplescollected.5.2.3 Wear clean personal protective equipment (PPE) andchange PPE that could affect the samples between samplingpoints.5.2.4 Ensure that all sampling equipment is calibrated andin g

44、ood working condition.5.2.5 Determine holding times prior to sampling. Samplesshould be collected and shipped so that the laboratory extrac-tions and analyses can be performed within the holding times.Holding times begin when the sample is collected, not whenthe samples reach the laboratory.5.2.6 Pu

45、rge the monitoring well prior to ground-watersample collection using the procedures recommended inGuides D 6452 and D 6771.5.2.7 Label sampling bottles in a consistent manner. Ensurethat the integrity of the labels will be maintained until thesamples are analyzed.5.2.8 Collect samples in the order p

46、rescribed in the SAP.The SAP may specify the order of filling containers at eachwell and may also specify in what order to sample the wells. Ifnot specified, if there is some knowledge of the ground-waterchemistry it is generally a good procedure to sample wells fromthe least to the most contaminate

47、d to minimize possiblecross-contamination.5.2.9 Follow the field filtration and preservation proceduresoutlined in Guide D 6564. Filtration and preservation should beperformed the same way for each sample and for eachsampling event.5.2.10 Follow decontamination procedures specified in theSAP and in

48、Guide D 5088.5.2.11 Document collected samples on the appropriate chainof custody forms and any other forms required by the shipperor laboratory. Before a group of samples is shipped, makecopies of all forms in case any of the forms are lost ordamaged.6. Keywords6.1 ground-water sampling; quality as

49、surance; sampling andanalysis planASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited eit