ASTM D1071-1983(2003) Standard Test Methods for Volumetric Measurement of Gaseous Fuel Samples《气体燃料试样容积的测量方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: D 1071 83 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Test Methods forVolumetric Measurement of Gaseous Fuel Samples1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1071; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of

2、 last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the volumetric measuring ofgaseous fuel samples, including liquefied petroleum gases, inthe

3、 gaseous state at normal temperatures and pressures. Theapparatus selected covers a sufficient variety of types so thatone or more of the methods prescribed may be used forlaboratory, control, reference, or in fact any purpose where it isdesired to know the quantity of gaseous fuel or fuel samplesun

4、der consideration. The various types of apparatus are listedin Table 1.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine th

5、e applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Terminology and Units of Measurement2.1 Definitions: Units of MeasurementAll measurementsshall be expressed in inch-pound units (that is: foot, pound(mass), second, and degrees Fahrenheit); or metric units (thatis: metre, kilogram, second, a

6、nd degrees Celsius).2.2 Standard Conditions, at which gaseous fuel samplesshall be measured, or to which such measurements shall bereferred, are as follows:2.2.1 Inch-pound Units:(1) A temperature of 60.0F,(2) A pressure of 14.73 psia.(3) Free of water vapor or a condition of complete water-vapor sa

7、turation as specified per individual contract betweeninterested parties.2.2.2 SI Units:(1) A temperature of 288.15K (15C).(2) A pressure of 101.325 kPa (absolute).(3) Free of water vapor or a condition of complete water-vapor saturation as specified per individual contract betweeninterested parties.

8、2.3 Standard Volume:2.3.1 Standard Cubic Foot of Gas is that quantity of gaswhich will fill a space of 1.000 ft3when under the standardconditions (2.2.1).2.3.2 Standard Cubic Metre of Gas is that quantity of gaswhich will fill a space of 1.000 m3when under the standardconditions (2.2.2).2.4 Temperat

9、ure Term for Volume ReductionsFor thepurpose of referring a volume of gaseous fuel from onetemperature to another temperature (that is, in applyingCharles law), the temperature terms shall be obtained byadding 459.67 to each temperature in degrees Fahrenheit forthe inch-pound units or 273.15 to each

10、 temperature in degreesCelsius for the SI units.2.5 At the present state of the art, metric gas provers andmeters are not routinely available in the United States.Throughout the remainder of this procedure, the inch-poundunits are used. Those having access to metric metering equip-ment are encourage

11、d to apply the standard conditions ex-pressed in 2.2.2.NOTE 1The SI conditions given here represent a “hard” metrication,1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D03 onGaseous Fuels and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D03.01 onCollection and Measurement of Gaseo

12、us Samples.Current edition approved May 10, 2003. Published May 2003. Originallyapproved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 1071 83 (1998).TABLE 1 Apparatus for Measuring Gaseous Fuel SamplesApparatusCapacity andRange of OperatingConditions CoveredinSection No.CalibrationProcedureC

13、overed inSection No.ContainersCubic-foot bottle, immersion type ofmoving-tank type512Portable cubic-foot standard(Stillman-type)Fractional cubic-foot bottle 5 12Burets, flasks, and so forth, for chem-ical and physical analysis61Calibrated gasometers (gas meterprovers)7 13-16Gas meters, displacement

14、type:Liquid-sealed relating-drum meters 8 17-22Diaphragm- or bellows-type meters,equipped with observation index923Rotary displacement meters 10 24Gas meters, rate-of-flow type:Porous plug and capillary flowmeters 11 25Float (variable-area, constant-head)flowmeters11 25Orifice, flow nozzle, and vent

15、uri-typeflowmeters11 251Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.in that the reference temperature and the reference pressure have beenchanged. Thus, amounts of gas given in metric units should always bereferred to the SI stand

16、ard conditions and the amounts given in inch-poundunits should always be referred to the inch-pound standard conditions.3. Significance and Use3.1 The knowledge of the volume of samples used in a testis necessary for meaningful results. Validity of the volumemeasurement equipment and procedures must

17、 be assured foraccurate results.4. Apparatus4.1 The various types of apparatus used for the measure-ment of gaseous fuel samples may be grouped in three classes,as shown in Table 1. References to the portions of thesemethods covering the capacity and range of operating condi-tions, and the calibrati

18、on, of each type are given in Table 1.CAPACITY OF APPARATUS AND RANGE OFOPERATING CONDITIONS5. Cubic-Foot Bottles, Standards, and So Forth5.1 The capacities of cubic-foot bottles, standards, and soforth, are indicated by their names. A portable cubic-footstandard of the Stillman type is shown in Fig

19、. 1 and a fractionalcubic-foot bottle is shown in Fig. 2. The temperatures andpressures at which these types of apparatus are used must bevery close to those existing in the room in which they arelocated. Since these containers are generally used as standardsfor the testing of other gas-measuring de

20、vices, the rate at whichthey may be operated is of little or no importance. It willalways be low, and probably nonuniform, and in any giveninstance will be affected by the test being made and theconnections used.6. Burets, Flasks, and So Forth6.1 The capacities of burets, flasks, and so forth, will

21、dependupon their function in the equipment and service in which theyare to be used. The range of temperatures and pressures underwhich they may be used, which will be affected by theirfunction, will depend upon the material of construction andmay be relatively high (for example, 1000F and 10 000 psi

22、)if suitable materials are used.7. Calibrated Gasometers7.1 The stock capacities of calibrated gasometers (gas meterprovers) are 2, 5, and 10 ft3. The temperature and pressure atwhich they can be operated must be close to the ambienttemperature and within a few inches of water column ofatmospheric p

23、ressure. The equivalent rates of flow that may beattained, conveniently, are as follows:Size, ft3Equivalent Rate, ft3of air/h2 9905 225010 5000NOTE 2Gasometers having volumetric capacities up to several thou-sand cubic feet have been made for special purposes. Their use is limitedto temperatures clo

24、se to the ambient temperature, although some may beoperated as pressures slightly higher than mentioned above. These largegasometers can hardly be classed as equipment for measuring gaseoussamples, and are mentioned only for the sake of completeness.8. Liquid-Sealed Rotating-Drum Meters8.1 The drum

25、capacities of commercial stock sizes ofliquid-sealed rotating-drum meters range from120 (or litre) toFIG. 1 Stillman-Type Portable Cubic-Foot StandardFIG. 2 One-Tenth Cubic Foot Bottle, Transfer Tank, and Bubble-Type Saturator for Testing Laboratory Wet Gas MetersD 1071 83 (2003)27.0 ft3per revoluti

26、on. A 0.1-ft3per revolution meter is shownin Fig. 3. The operating capacities, defined as the volume of gashaving a specific gravity of 0.64 that will pass through themeter in 1 h with a pressure drop of 0.3-in. water columnacross the meter, range from 5 to 1200 ft3/h. Liquid-sealedrotating-drum met

27、ers may be calibrated for use at any rate forwhich the pressure drop across the meter does not blow themeter seal. However, if the meter is to be used for meteringdiffering rates of flow, a calibration curve should be obtained,as described in Section 20, or the meter should be fitted with arate comp

28、ensating chamber (see Appendix X1).8.2 The temperature at which these meters may be operatedwill depend almost entirely upon the character of the sealingliquid. If water is the sealing liquid, the temperature must beabove the freezing point and below that at which evaporationwill affect the accuracy

29、 of the meter indications (about 120F).Outside of these limits some other liquid will be required.8.3 While the cases of most meters of this type maywithstand pressures of about 2-in. Hg column above or belowatmospheric pressure, it is recommended that the maximumoperating pressure to which they are

30、 subjected should notexceed 1-in. Hg or 13 in. of water column. For higherpressures, the meter case must be proportionally heavier or themeter enclosed in a suitable pressure chamber. For pressuresmore than 1-in. Hg (13 in. of water) below atmosphericpressure, not only must a heavier case or a press

31、ure chamber beused, but a sealing fluid having a very low vapor pressure mustbe used in place of water.9. Diaphragm-Type Test Meters9.1 The displacement capacities of commercial stock sizesof diaphragm-type test meters range from about 0.05 to 2.5 ft3per revolution (of the tangent arm or operating c

32、ycle). Theoperating capacities, defined as the volume of gas having aspecific gravity of 0.64 that a meter will pass with a pressuredrop of 0.5 in. of water column across the meter, range fromabout 20 to 1800 ft3/h. Usually these meters can be operated atrates in excess of their rated capacities, at

33、 least for shortperiods. A meter having a capacity of 1 ft3per revolution isshown in Fig. 4.9.2 The temperature range under which these meters may beoperated will depend largely upon the diaphragm material. Forleather diaphragms, 0 to 130F is probably a safe operatingrange. At very low temperatures,

34、 the diaphragms are likely tobecome very stiff and cause an excessive pressure drop acrossthe meter. At higher temperatures, the diaphragms may dry outrapidly or even become scorched causing embrittlement andleaks.9.3 The pressure range (line pressure) to which these metersmay be subjected safely wi

35、ll depend upon the case material anddesign. For the lighter sheet metal (tin case) meters, the linepressure should not be more than 3- or 4-in. Hg column aboveor below atmospheric pressure. For use under higher or lowerline pressures, other types of meter cases are available, such ascast aluminum al

36、loy, cast iron, or pressed steel.NOTE 3The diaphragm-type test meter and the diaphragm-type con-sumers meter are similar in most respects. The principal difference is thetype of index or counter. The test meter index has a main hand indicating1ft3per revolution over a 3-in. or larger dial, with addi

37、tional smaller dialsgiving readings to 999 before repeating. On the index of consumersmeters, aside from the test hand, the first dial indicates 1000 ft3perrevolution of its hand so that the smallest volume read is 100 ft3. Themaximum reading for a consumers meter index may be 99 900 or 999 900.Anot

38、her minor difference is that the maximum rated capacity for the largerconsumers meters may be 17 000 ft3/h.FIG. 3 Liquid-Sealed Rotating-Drum Gas Meter of 0.1 ft3perRevolution SizeFIG. 4 Iron-Case Diaphragm-Type Gas Meter with LargeObservation IndexD 1071 83 (2003)310. Rotary Displacement Meters10.1

39、 Rotary displacement gas meters are mentioned hereonly to have a complete coverage of meters for gas, sincemeters of this type are of relatively large capacity, beyond thatof sample measurement (Note 4). The rated capacities of stocksizes range from about 4000 to about 1 000 000 ft3/h. Theymay be us

40、ed at somewhat higher temperatures than otherdisplacement meters, probably 400 to 500F and are availablefor use under line pressures up to about 125 psi.NOTE 4It is of course possible to use a very small meter of this typeas a test or “sample” meter. See Bean, H. S., Benesh, M. E., and Whiting,F. C.

41、, “Testing Large-Capacity Rotary Gas Meters,” Journal of Research,Nat. Bureau Standards, JRNBA, Vol 37, No. 3, Sept. 1946, p. 183.(Research Paper RP1741).11. Rate-of-Flow Meters11.1 Rate-of-flow meters, as the name implies, indicate ratesof flow, and volumes are obtained only for a definite timeinte

42、rval. They are especially useful in those situations wherethe flow is steady, but are not suited for use in the measurementof specified quantities nor on flows that are subject to wide ormore or less rapid variations of either rate or pressure. In thesmaller sizes, they may be particularly useful fo

43、r both regulat-ing and measuring continuous samples of a gaseous fuel.11.2 No definite limits can be set to the range of rate of flowto which these meters may be applied, nor to the range oftemperatures and pressures under which they may be operated.Where meters of this type are desired, it will usu

44、ally bepossible to design one to meet the particular service require-ments. Of particular interest for continuous sampling andsample measurement are flowmeters of the capillary tube andporous plug (for example, sintered glass filter) type. The ratesof flow that they can meter satisfactorily range up

45、ward fromabout 0.03 ft3/min. The pressure drop across the meteringelement is not only low (a few inches of water column), but itsrelationship to the rate of flow is very nearly linear.CALIBRATION OF APPARATUS12. Calibration of Primary Standards12.1 Cubic-foot bottles and fractional cubic-foot bottle

46、s arecalibrated by weighing the quantity of distilled water that willbe delivered between the gage marks (Note 5), correcting forthe buoyancy of the air. At the standard conditions specified in2.2, the weight of water contained between the gage marks ofa correctly adjusted cubic-foot bottle should b

47、e 62.299 lb.NOTE 5It is now the practice at the National Bureau of Standards tocalibrate or adjust these standards “to deliver” the specified quantity ofwater from a wet condition. To do this, the standard is filled with water,then emptied slowly over a period of 3 min and allowed to drain for anadd

48、itional 3 min. Next, the quantity (weight) of distilled water containedbetween the two gage marks is determined. The corresponding volume ofthis quantity of water, adjusted to a temperature of 60F, should be 1.0006 0.05 %.12.2 A Stillman-type portable cubic-foot standard is cali-brated by comparison

49、 with an immersion-type cubic-footbottle. The calibration involves adjusting the stroke of the bellso that as 1 ft3of air is transferred from the bottle, or thereverse, the pressure within the system does not change,provided the temperature of the entire system is maintainedconstant. This requires that the test should be made in a roomin which the temperature can be maintained constant anduniform within less than 0.5F. Moreover, to diminish thecooling effects of evaporation from the surfaces of the bottleand bell, the sealing fluid should be a light, low-vapor pressu