ASTM C902-2011 Standard Specification for Pedestrian and Light Traffic Paving Brick《人行道及交通稀疏处铺地砖的标准规范》.pdf

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1、Designation: C902 11Standard Specification forPedestrian and Light Traffic Paving Brick1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C902; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number i

2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers brick intended for use aspaving material subjected to pedestrian and light vehiculartraffic. The units are designed

3、for use in pedestrian applicationsand vehicular areas that are subjected to low volumes ofvehicular traffic, such as residential driveways and streets andcommercial driveways (passenger drop-offs). The units are notintended to support heavy vehicular traffic covered by Speci-fication C1272 or for in

4、dustrial applications covered by Speci-fication C410.NOTE 1Heavy vehicular traffic is defined as high volumes of heavyvehicles (trucks having 3 or more axles) in Specification C1272.1.2 The property requirements of this specification apply atthe time of purchase. The use of results from testing of b

5、rickextracted from masonry structures for determining confor-mance or nonconformance to the property requirements (Sec-tion 4) of this specification is beyond the scope of thisspecification.1.3 Brick are manufactured from clay, shale, or similarnaturally occurring earthy substances and subjected to

6、a heattreatment at elevated temperatures (firing). The heat treatmentmust develop sufficient fired bond between the particulateconstituents to provide the strength and durability requirementof this specification (see Terminology C1232).1.4 The brick are available in a variety of sizes, colors, andsh

7、apes. They are available in three classes according toexposure environment and three types according to type oftraffic exposure.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for infor

8、mation onlyand are not considered standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick andStructural Clay TileC88 Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use ofSodium Sulfate or Magnesium SulfateC410 Specification for Industrial Floor BrickC418 Test

9、Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete bySandblastingC1232 Terminology of MasonryC1272 Specification for Heavy Vehicular Paving Brick3. Classification3.1 Light traffic paving brick are classified according to theseverity of their use-environment. Two types of environmentare considered: (1) weath

10、er and (2) traffic:3.1.1 Weather:Weathering resistance is specified by one of three classes.When the Class is not specified, the requirements for Class SXshall govern.3.1.1.1 Class SXBrick intended for use where the brickmay be frozen while saturated with water.3.1.1.2 Class MXBrick intended for ext

11、erior use whereresistance to freezing is not a factor.3.1.1.3 Class NXBrick not intended for exterior use butwhich may be acceptable for interior use where protected fromfreezing when wet.NOTE 2A surface coating may be applied to any class of brick of thisstandard when protected from freezing while

12、wet. The function of thecoating is to prevent penetration of dirt or liquids into the pores of thebrick. Coatings should be applied only after complete drying of thepaving.3.1.2 Traffc:Abrasion resistance is specified by one of three types. Whenthe Type is not specified, the requirements for Type II

13、 govern.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.02 on Brick and Structural Clay Tile.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2011. Published December 2011. Originallyapproved in 1979. Last previous

14、edition approved in 2010 as C902 101. DOI:10.1520/C0902-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*

15、A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.2.1 Type IBrick subjected to extensive abrasion.NOTE 3Type I pavers would be used in such places as sidewalks anddriv

16、eways in publicly occupied spaces.3.1.2.2 Type IIBrick subjected to intermediate abrasion.NOTE 4Type II pavers would be used in such places as heavilytraveled residential walkways and residential driveways.3.1.2.3 Type IIIBrick subjected to low abrasion.NOTE 5Type III pavers would be used in such pl

17、aces as floors orpatios in single-family homes.4. Physical Properties4.1 Freeze Thaw ResistanceUse one of the followingmethods:4.1.1 Physical Property RequirementsThe brick shallconform to the physical requirements for the class specified asprescribed in Table 1.4.1.1.1 Absorption AlternativeIf the

18、average water ab-sorption is less than 6.0 % after 24-h submersion in room-temperature water, the requirement for saturation coefficientshall be waived.4.1.2 Freezing and Thawing Test AlternativeThe require-ments for water 24-h cold water absorption and saturationcoefficient specified in 4.1.1 do no

19、t apply, provided a repre-sentative sample of five brick, meeting the strength require-ments of Table 1, passes the freezing and thawing test asdescribed in the Rating section of the Freezing and Thawingtest procedures of Test Methods C67.4.1.2.1 Class SX: Breakage and Weight LossRequirementNo indiv

20、idual unit separates or disintegratesresulting in a weight loss greater than 0.5 % of its original dryweight.NOTE 6The 50 cycle freezing and thawing test is specified only as analternative when brick do not conform to either Table 1 requirements formaximum water absorption and saturation coefficient

21、, or to the restrictiveabsorption requirements in 4.1.1.1.4.1.2.2 Class SX: Cracking RequirementNo individualunit develops a crack that exceeds, in length, the units leastfinished face dimension.4.1.3 Sulfate Soundness Test AlternativeThe requirementsfor water absorption (24-h cold) and saturation c

22、oefficientspecified in 4.1.1 shall not be required if a sample of five bricksurvives 15 cycles of the sulfate soundness test in accordancewith Sections 4, 5, and 8 of Test Method C88 with no visibledamage.NOTE 7The sulfate soundness test is an optional substitute test for thefreezing-and-thawing tes

23、t (4.1.2).4.1.4 Performance AlternativeIf information on the per-formance of the units in a similar application of similarexposure and traffic is furnished by the manufacturer or hisagent and is found acceptable by the specifier of the pavementmaterial, or his agent, the physical requirements in 4.1

24、.1 maybe waived.4.1.5 Molded Brick (Soft Mud, Semi-Dry Pressed, and DryPressed Brick)The requirements listed in Table 1 shall bechanged for molded brick to permit maximum absorption of16.0 % average and 18.0 % individual, and minimum compres-sive strengths of 4000 psi (27.6 MPa) average and 3500 psi

25、(24.1 MPa) individual for Class SX, provided that the require-ments for saturation coefficient of Table 1 are met.NOTE 8The resistance of brick to weathering cannot be predictedwith complete assurance at the present state of knowledge. There is noknown test that can predict weathering resistance wit

26、h complete accuracy.Brick in general is superior in weathering resistance to other buildingmaterials. There are innumerable instances of satisfactory performancebeyond 200 years and even into the thousands of years. Nevertheless,there are some brick that cannot survive a few winters of a severe free

27、zingand thawing environment.The durability requirements of the specification attempt to exclude suchbrick. This specification utilizes the best knowledge available at this timeand is based on extensive research by several investigators. The durabilityrequirements have an excellent correlation with i

28、n-use performance.Nevertheless, it is known that some brick that meet this specification maynot be serviceable in severe climates. Furthermore, other brick that do notmeet these specifications may show superior serviceability in the mostsevere climate. The best indication of brick durability is its

29、serviceexperience record.4.2 Abrasion ResistanceThe brick shall meet the require-ments of either column (1) or (2) of Table 2 for the applicabletraffic use (see 3.1.2).3NOTE 9Skid/slip resistance should be considered by the purchaser foruses of brick where pedestrian traffic is anticipated. Methods

30、of testing thischaracteristic are under study and it is hoped that a specification for thisproperty can be added in future revisions of this standard when suitabletest methods are developed.5. Efflorescence5.1 Brick are not required to be tested for efflorescence tocomply with this specification unl

31、ess requested by the specifieror purchaser. When the efflorescence test is requested by thespecifier or purchaser, the brick shall be sampled at the place ofmanufacture, and tested in accordance with Test Methods C67,and a rating for efflorescence shall be “not effloresced.” If therating for efflore

32、scence is “effloresced,” the brick representedby the testing do not meet the efflorescence requirements ofthis specification.3McBurney, J. W., Brink, R. H., Eberle, A. R., “Relation of Water Absorptionand Strength of Brick to Abrasive Resistance,” Proceedings, ASTM, Vol 40, 1940,pp. 11431151.TABLE 1

33、 Freeze Thaw Resistance Property RequirementsDesignationCompressive Strength, flatwise, gross area, min,psi (MPa)Cold Water Absorption, max, % Saturation Coefficient, maxAAverage of 5BrickIndividualAverage of 5BrickIndividualAverage of 5BrickIndividualClass SX 8000 (55.2) 7000 (48.3) 8.0 11.0 0.78 0

34、.80Class MX 3000 (20.7) 2500 (17.2) 14.0 17.0 no limit no limitClass NX 3000 (20.7) 2500 (17.2) no limit no limit no limit no limitAThe saturation coefficient is the ratio of absorption by 24-h submersion in room temperature water to that after 5-h submersion in boiling water.C902 1126. Dimensions a

35、nd Permissible Variations6.1 The size of the brick shall be as specified by thepurchaser or produced by the manufacturer as a stock item.6.2 The tolerances on dimension and warpage shall dependon the application specified. When the application is notspecified, the requirements for Application PS sha

36、ll govern.6.2.1 Application PSPaving brick intended for generaluse and installed with a mortar joint between individual units,or in an installation without mortar joints between units whenthey are laid in running or other bonds not requiring extremelyclose dimensional tolerances.6.2.2 Application PX

37、Paving brick intended for installa-tion without mortar joints between the units, where exception-ally close dimensional tolerances are required as a result ofspecial bond patterns or unusual construction requirements.6.2.3 Application PAPaving brick manufactured and se-lected to produce characterist

38、ic architectural effects resultingfrom nonuniformity in size, color, and texture of individualunits. (The textures may exhibit inclusion of nonuniformnodules of mineral substances or purposely introduced cracksthat enhance the appearance of the units.) The requirements onwarpage and dimensional tole

39、rances as specified in 6.3 and 6.4do not apply to this application.6.3 Dimensional ToleranceBrick shall not depart from thespecified size by more than the individual tolerance for theapplication specified as prescribed in Table 4.6.4 WarpageThe concave and convex warpage of anyface intended to be th

40、e exposed surface or edge of the pavingshall not exceed the values of Table 3 when sampled andmeasured in accordance with Test Methods C67.7. Finish and Appearance7.1 If brick having a particular color, color range, or textureare desired, these features shall be specified separately by thepurchaser.

41、 The texture of the finished face shall conform to anapproved sample consisting of not less than four brick, eachrepresenting the texture desired. The color range shall beindicated by the approved sample.7.2 The brick shall be free of cracks or other imperfectionsdetracting from the appearance of a

42、designated sample whenviewed from a distance of 15 ft (4.6 m) for Application PX anda distance of 20 ft (6 m) for Application PS.7.3 The parts of the brick that will be exposed in place shallbe free of chips that exceed the limits given in Table 5.7.4 Unless otherwise agreed upon by the purchaser an

43、d theseller, a delivery of brick shall contain not more than 5 % brickthat do not meet the combined requirements of Tables 4-5,including broken brick.7.5 After brick are placed in usage the manufacturer or themanufacturers agent shall not be held responsible for compli-ance of brick with the require

44、ments of this specification forchippage and tolerances.8. Sampling and Testing8.1 The brick shall be sampled and tested in accordancewith applicable sections in Test Methods C67.8.2 The manufacturer or the seller shall furnish specimensfor tests. The place or places of selection shall be designatedw

45、hen the purchase order is placed.NOTE 10Unless otherwise specified in the purchase order, the cost ofthe tests is typically borne as follows: If the results of the tests show thatthe brick do not conform to the requirements of this specification, the costis typically borne by the seller. If the resu

46、lts of the tests show that the brickdo conform to the requirements of the specification, the cost is typicallyborne by the purchaser.TABLE 2 Abrasion Resistance Property RequirementsA(1)Abrasion Index,Bmax(2)Volume Abrasion Loss,Cmax, cm3/cm2Type I 0.11 1.7Type II 0.25 2.7Type III 0.50 4.0ASelect th

47、e sample according to the sampling procedure of Test Methods C67.The brick shall meet the requirements of either column (1) or (2). The values listedshall not be exceeded by any individual unit within the sample.BThe abrasion index is calculated from the cold absorption in percent and thecompressive

48、 strength in pounds per square inch as follows:Abrasion index 5100 3 absorptioncompressive strength(1)Compressive strength values are influenced by specimen shape (particularly theheight to width ratio of the test specimen). Therefore, a shape is specified whichconforms to the data on which the abra

49、sion index is based.4The compressive strength shall be determined on specimens measuring 378 by378 by 214 in. 614 in. (98 by 98 by 57 mm 6 6 mm) for length, width, and heightrespectively. The brick shall be without core holes, other perforations or frogs.Other shaped specimens may be used provided that the producer submitsevidence acceptable to the purchaser that the change in shape gives equivalentstrength results to those of the specified shape.The abrasion resistance should be determined according to Column 2 in thosecases where the procedu