ASTM C902-2007 Standard Specification for Pedestrian and Light Traffic Paving Brick《人行道和轻型车道铺地砖用标准规范》.pdf

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1、Designation: C 902 07Standard Specification forPedestrian and Light Traffic Paving Brick1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 902; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number

2、 in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers brick intended for use aspaving material subjected to pedestrian and light vehiculartraffic. The units are design

3、ed for use in pedestrian applicationsand vehicular areas that are subjected to low volumes ofvehicular traffic, such as residential driveways and streets andcommercial driveways (passenger drop-offs). The units are notintended to support heavy vehicular traffic covered by Speci-fication C 1272 or fo

4、r industrial applications covered bySpecification C 410.NOTE 1Heavy vehicular traffic is defined as high volumes of heavyvehicles (trucks having 3 or more axles) in Specification C 1272.1.2 The property requirements of this specification apply atthe time of purchase. The use of results from testing

5、of brickextracted from masonry structures for determining conform-ance or nonconformance to the property requirements (Section4) of this specification is beyond the scope of this specification.1.3 Brick are manufactured from clay, shale, or similarnaturally occurring earthy substances and subjected

6、to a heattreatment at elevated temperatures (firing). The heat treatmentmust develop sufficient fired bond between the particulateconstituents to provide the strength and durability requirementof this specification (see firing, fired bond, and incipient fusionin Terminology C43).1.4 The brick are av

7、ailable in a variety of sizes, colors, andshapes. They are available in three classes according toexposure environment and three types according to type oftraffic exposure.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C43 Termi

8、nology of Structural Clay ProductsC67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick andStructural Clay TileC88 Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use ofSodium Sulfate or Magnesium SulfateC 410 Specification for Industrial Floor BrickC 418 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete bySandb

9、lastingC 1272 Specification for Heavy Vehicular Paving Brick3. Classification3.1 Light traffic paving brick are classified according to theseverity of their use-environment. Two types of environmentare considered: (1) weather and (2) traffic:3.1.1 Weather:Weathering resistance is specified by one of

10、 three classes.When the Class is not specified, the requirements for Class SCshall govern.3.1.1.1 Class SXBrick intended for use where the brickmay be frozen while saturated with water.3.1.1.2 Class MXBrick intended for exterior use whereresistance to freezing is not a factor.3.1.1.3 Class NXBrick n

11、ot intended for exterior use butwhich may be acceptable for interior use where protected fromfreezing when wet.NOTE 2A surface coating may be applied to any class of brick of thisstandard when protected from freezing while wet. The function of thecoating is to prevent penetration of dirt or liquids

12、into the pores of thebrick. Coatings should be applied only after complete drying of thepaving.3.1.2 Traffc:Abrasion resistance is specified by one of three types. Whenthe Type is not specified, the requirements for Type II govern.3.1.2.1 Type IBrick subjected to extensive abrasion.NOTE 3Type I pave

13、rs would be used in such places as sidewalks anddriveways in publicly occupied spaces.3.1.2.2 Type IIBrick subjected to intermediate abrasion.NOTE 4Type II pavers would be used in such places as heavilytraveled residential walkways and residential driveways.3.1.2.3 Type IIIBrick subjected to low abr

14、asion.NOTE 5Type III pavers would be used in such places as floors orpatios in single-family homes.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.02 on Brick and Structural Clay Tile.Current edition

15、 approved July 15, 2007. Published August 2007. Originallyapproved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as C 902 06.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information

16、, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Physical Properties4.1 Freeze Thaw ResistanceUse o

17、ne of the followingmethods:4.1.1 Physical Property RequirementsThe brick shallconform to the physical requirements for the class specified asprescribed in Table 1.4.1.1.1 Absorption AlternativeIf the average water ab-sorption is less than 6.0 % after 24-h submersion in room-temperature water, the re

18、quirement for saturation coefficientshall be waived.4.1.2 Freezing and Thawing Test AlternativeThe require-ments for water absorption (24-h cold) and saturation coeffi-cient specified in 4.1.1 shall be waived provided a sample offive brick, meeting all other requirements, passes the freezingand thaw

19、ing test as described in the Rating section of theFreezing and Thawing procedures of Test Methods C67withno breakage and not greater than 0.5 % loss in dry weight ofany individual unit.NOTE 6The 50 cycle freezing and thawing test is specified only as analternative when brick do not conform to either

20、 Table 1 requirements formaximum water absorption and saturation coefficient, or to the restrictiveabsorption requirements in 4.1.1.1.4.1.2.1 Sulfate Soundness Test AlternativeThe require-ments for water absorption (24-h cold) and saturation coeffi-cient specified in 4.1.1 shall not be required if a

21、 sample of fivebrick survives 15 cycles of the sulfate soundness test inaccordance with Sections 4, 5, and 8 of Test Method C88withno visible damage.NOTE 7The sulfate soundness test is an optional substitute test for thefreezing-and-thawing test (4.1.2).4.1.3 Performance AlternativeIf information on

22、 the per-formance of the units in a similar application of similarexposure and traffic is furnished by the manufacturer or hisagent and is found acceptable by the specifier of the pavementmaterial, or his agent, the physical requirements in 4.1.1 maybe waived.4.1.4 Molded Brick (Soft Mud, Semi-Dry P

23、ressed, and DryPressed Brick)The requirements listed in Table 1 shall bechanged for molded brick to permit maximum absorption of16.0 % average and 18.0 % individual, and minimum compres-sive strengths of 4000 psi (27.6 MPa) average and 3500 psi(24.1 MPa) individual for Class SX, provided that the re

24、quire-ments for saturation coefficient of Table 1 are met.NOTE 8The resistance of brick to weathering cannot be predictedwith complete assurance at the present state of knowledge. There is noknown test that can predict weathering resistance with complete accuracy.Brick in general is superior in weat

25、hering resistance to other buildingmaterials. There are innumerable instances of satisfactory performancebeyond 200 years and even into the thousands of years. Nevertheless,there are some brick that cannot survive a few winters of a severe freezingand thawing environment.The durability requirements

26、of the specification attempt to exclude suchbrick. This specification utilizes the best knowledge available at this timeand is based on extensive research by several investigators. The durabilityrequirements have an excellent correlation with in-use performance.Nevertheless, it is known that some br

27、ick that meet this specification maynot be serviceable in severe climates. Furthermore, other brick that do notmeet these specifications may show superior serviceability in the mostsevere climate. The best indication of brick durability is its serviceexperience record.4.2 Abrasion ResistanceThe bric

28、k shall meet the require-ments of either column (1) or (2) of Table 2 for the applicabletraffic use (see 3.1.2).3NOTE 9Skid/slip resistance should be considered by the purchaser foruses of brick where pedestrian traffic is anticipated. Methods of testing thischaracteristic are under study and it is

29、hoped that a specification for thisproperty can be added in future revisions of this standard when suitabletest methods are developed.5. Efflorescence5.1 Brick are not required to be tested for efflorescence tocomply with this specification unless requested by the specifieror purchaser. When the eff

30、lorescence test is requested by thespecifier or purchaser, the brick shall be sampled at the place ofmanufacture, and tested in accordance with Test Methods C 67,and a rating for efflorescence shall be “not effloresced.” If therating for efflorescence is “effloresced,” the brick representedby the te

31、sting do not meet the efflorescence requirements ofthis specification.6. Size and Tolerances6.1 The size of the brick shall be as specified by thepurchaser or produced by the manufacturer as a stock item.6.2 The tolerances on dimension and warpage shall dependon the application specified. When the a

32、pplication is notspecified, the requirements for Application PS shall govern.6.2.1 Application PSPaving brick intended for generaluse and installed with a mortar joint between individual units,or in an installation without mortar joints between units whenthey are laid in running or other bonds not r

33、equiring extremelyclose dimensional tolerances.6.2.2 Application PXPaving brick intended for installa-tion without mortar joints between the units, where exception-ally close dimensional tolerances are required as a result ofspecial bond patterns or unusual construction requirements.3McBurney, J. W.

34、, Brink, R. H., Eberle, A. R., “Relation of Water Absorptionand Strength of Brick to Abrasive Resistance,” Proceedings, ASTM, Vol 40, 1940,pp. 11431151.TABLE 1 Freeze Thaw Resistance Property RequirementsDesignationCompressive Strength, flatwise, gross area, min,psi (MPa)Cold Water Absorption, max,

35、% Saturation Coefficient, maxAAverage of 5BrickIndividualAverage of 5BrickIndividualAverage of 5BrickIndividualClass SX 8000 (55.2) 7000 (48.3) 8.0 11.0 0.78 0.80Class MX 3000 (20.7) 2500 (17.2) 14.0 17.0 no limit no limitClass NX 3000 (20.7) 2500 (17.2) no limit no limit no limit no limitAThe satur

36、ation coefficient is the ratio of absorption by 24-h submersion in room temperature water to that after 5-h submersion in boiling water.C9020726.2.3 Application PAPaving brick manufactured and se-lected to produce characteristic architectural effects resultingfrom nonuniformity in size, color, and t

37、exture of individualunits. (The textures may exhibit inclusion of nonuniformnodules of mineral substances or purposely introduced cracksthat enhance the appearance of the units.) The requirements onwarpage and dimensional tolerances as specified in 6.3 and 6.4do not apply to this application.6.3 Dim

38、ensional ToleranceBrick shall not depart from thespecified size by more than the individual tolerance for theapplication specified as prescribed in Table 4.6.4 WarpageThe concave and convex warpage (distor-tion) of any face intended to be the exposed surface or edge ofthe paving shall not exceed the

39、 values of Table 3 when sampledand measured in accordance with Test Methods C67.7. Material and Finish7.1 If brick having a particular color, color range, or textureare desired, these features shall be specified separately by thepurchaser. The texture of the finished face shall conform to anapproved

40、 sample consisting of not less than four brick, eachrepresenting the texture desired. The color range shall beindicated by the approved sample.7.2 The brick shall be free of cracks or other imperfectionsdetracting from the appearance of a designated sample whenviewed from a distance of 15 ft (4.6 m)

41、 for Application PX anda distance of 20 ft (6 m) for Application PS.7.3 The parts of the brick that will be exposed in place shallbe free of chips that exceed the limits given in Table 5.7.4 Unless otherwise agreed upon by the purchaser and theseller, a delivery of brick shall contain not more than

42、5 % brickthat do not meet the combined requirements of Tables 4-5,including broken brick.7.5 After brick are placed in usage the manufacturer or themanufacturers agent shall not be held responsible for compli-ance of brick with the requirements of this specification forchippage and tolerances.8. Sam

43、pling and Testing8.1 The brick shall be sampled and tested in accordancewith applicable sections in Test Methods C 67.8.2 The manufacturer or the seller shall furnish specimensfor tests. The place or places of selection shall be designatedwhen the purchase order is placed.NOTE 10Unless otherwise spe

44、cified in the purchase order, the cost ofthe tests is typically borne as follows: If the results of the tests show thatthe brick do not conform to the requirements of this specification, the costis typically borne by the seller. If the results of the tests show that the brickdo conform to the requir

45、ements of the specification, the cost is typicallyborne by the purchaser.9. Keywords9.1 brick; fired masonry unit; light traffic; paving; pedes-trian trafficTABLE 2 Abrasion Resistance Property RequirementsA(1)Abrasion Index,Bmax(2)Volume Abrasion Loss,Cmax, cm3/cm2Type I 0.11 1.7Type II 0.25 2.7Typ

46、e III 0.50 4.0ASelect the sample according to the sampling procedure of Test Methods C67.The brick shall meet the requirements of either column (1) or (2). The values listedshall not be exceeded by any individual unit within the sample.BThe abrasion index is calculated from the cold absorption in pe

47、rcent and thecompressive strength in pounds per square inch as follows:Abrasion index 5100 3 absorptioncompressive strength(1)Compressive strength values are influenced by specimen shape (particularly theheight to width ratio of the test specimen). Therefore, a shape is specified whichconforms to th

48、e data on which the abrasion index is based.4The compressive strength shall be determined on specimens measuring 378 by378 by 214 in. 614 in. (98 by 98 by 57 mm 6 6 mm) for length, width, and heightrespectively. The brick shall be without core holes, other perforations or frogs.Other shaped specimen

49、s may be used provided that the producer submitsevidence acceptable to the purchaser that the change in shape gives equivalentstrength results to those of the specified shape.The abrasion resistance should be determined according to Column 2 in thosecases where the procedural requirements for compressive strength cannot be met.CThe volume abrasion loss shall be determined in accordance with Test MethodC 418, with the following changes in procedure:(1) The sand shall be a natural silica sand from Ottawa, IL, graded to pass a No.50 (300-m) sieve and