[外语类试卷]考博英语模拟试卷137及答案与解析.doc
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1、考博英语模拟试卷 137及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is his first duty to follow his intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who, with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, tha
2、n by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. Not that it is solely, or chiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required. On the contrary, it is as much or even more indispensable to enable average human beings to attain the me
3、ntal stature which they are capable of. There have been, and may again be, great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. Where any people has made a temporary approach to such a cha
4、racter, it has been because the dread of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended. Where there is a tacit convention that principles are not to be disputed; where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generall
5、y high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundations and the impulse given which raised even persons of the
6、most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings. He who knows only his own side of the case knows little of that. His reasons may be good, and no one may have been able to refute them. But if he is equally unable to refute the reasons on the opposite side; if he does not so mu
7、ch as know what they are, he has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for him would be suspension of judgment, and unless he contents himself with that, he is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world, the side to which he feels the most inclinati
8、on. Nor is it enough that he should hear the arguments of adversaries from his own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations. That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into real contact with his own mind. He must be able to hear
9、 them from persons who actually believe them; who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them. He must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form: he must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else he will
10、never really possess himself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated men are in this condition; even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they
11、 know: they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently from them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess. They do not know those parts o
12、f it which explain and justify the remainder; the considerations which show that a fact which seemingly conflicts with another is reconcilable with it, or that, of two apparently strong reasons, one and not the other ought to be preferred. 1 According to the author, it is always advisable to _. ( A)
13、 have opinions which cannot be refuted ( B) adopt the point of view to which he feels the most inclination ( C) be acquainted with the arguments favoring the point of view with which he disagrees ( D) suspend heterodox speculation 2 The best title for this passage is _. ( A) The Age of Reason ( B) T
14、he Need for Independent Thinking ( C) The Value of Refutation ( D) How People Think 3 According to the author, in a great period such as the Renaissance we may expect to find _. ( A) acceptance of truth ( B) enthusiasm ( C) controversy over principles ( D) a dread of heterodox speculation 4 Accordin
15、g to the author, which of the following statements is true? ( A) Most educated people study both sides of a question. ( B) Heterodox speculation will lead to many errors in thinking. ( C) The vast majority of people who argue fluently are acquainted with only one side of an issue. ( D) It is wise to
16、 get both sides of a debatable issue from ones teachers. 4 The explosion of a star is an awesome event. The most violent of these cataclysms, which produce supernovae, probably destroys a star completely. Within our galaxy of roughly 100 billion stars the last supernova was observed in 1604. Much sm
17、aller explosions, however, occur quite frequently, giving rise to what astronomers call novae and dwarf novae. On the order of 25 novae occur in our galaxy every year, but only two or three are near enough to be observed. About 100 dwarf novae are known altogether. If the exploding star is in a near
18、by part of the galaxy, it may create a “new star“ that was not previously visible to the naked eye. The last new star of this sort that could be observed clearly from the Northern Hemisphere appeared in 1946. In these smaller explosions the star loses only a minute fraction of its mass and survives
19、to explode again. Astrophysicists are fairly well satisfied that they can account for the explosions of supernovae. The novae and dwarf novae have presented more of a puzzle. I shall describe recent investigations that have provided important new information about these two classes of exploding star
20、. The picture that emerges is quite astonishing. It appears that every dwarf nova-and perhaps every nova-is a member of a pair of stars. The two stars are so close together that they revolve around a point that lies barely outside the surface of the larger star. As a result the period of rotation is
21、 usually only a few hours and their velocities range upward to within a two-hundredth the speed of light, Astronomers use the term “cataclysmic variable“ to embrace the three general classes of exploding star: dwarf novae, novae, and supernovae. A cataclysmic variable is defined as a star that sudde
22、nly and unpredictably increases in brightness by a factor of at least 10. Dwarf novae are stars that increase in brightness by factor of 10 to 100 within a period of several hours and decline to their former brightness in two or three days. In this period they emit some 1038 to 1039 ergs of energy.
23、At maximum brilliance a dwarf nova shines about as intensely as our sun, previously it had been only about a hundredth as bright. The number of outbursts ranges anywhere from 3 to 30 a year, but for any one star the intervals have a fairly constant value. Moreover, the maximum bright ness from outbu
24、rst to outburst is the same within a factor of two for a given star. The dwarf novae are often referred to, after their prototypes, as U Geminornm or SS Cygni stars. (The stars of each constellation are designated by letters or numbers.) A subgroup of dwarf novae, called Z Camelopardalis stars, do n
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- 外语类 试卷 英语 模拟 137 答案 解析 DOC