[外语类试卷]2012年山东大学考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析.doc

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1、2012年山东大学考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 Grammar 1 All the major cities of the United States, _the cities of the Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico, began as centers of the trade. （ A） and to include （ B） which including （ C） included （ D） including 2 Settled by English Puritans in 1630, Boston became_. （ A） the

2、capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony （ B） the Massachusetts Bay Colony its capital （ C） it was the capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony （ D） so that the capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony 3 Navigators on ships and aircraft use a compass to determine_they are heading. （ A） the direction in

3、 which （ B） to where the direction （ C） that direction of which （ D） where the direction 4 As seen from the Earth at night, _planet Jupiter ranks third among the planets and stars in maximum brightness, after Venus and Mars. （ A） when the （ B） in which the （ C） the （ D） and the 5 The Monroe Doctrine

4、 of 1823 was _of United States policy concerning the activities and rights of European powers in North and South America. （ A） when a statement （ B） as a statement （ C） a statement （ D） to a statement 6 His_and unwillingness to learn from others prevent him from being an effective member of the team

5、. （ A） arrogance （ B） dignity （ C） humility （ D） solitude 7 Heavy rain in the south of England means that flooding is_. （ A） imminent （ B） momentous （ C） transient （ D） prospective 8 Rachel was the_choice for the job thanks to her communication skills. （ A） unanimous （ B） genuine （ C） harmonious （ D

6、） agreeable 9 I would like to express my_to you all for supporting me this summer as a visiting scholar in your department. （ A） satisfaction （ B） gratitude （ C） pleasure （ D） sincerity 10 The objective of this popular consultation is to determine,_, the final political status of the region, whether

7、 to remain of the country as a special district, or to part from it. （ A） once upon a time （ B） once and again （ C） all at once （ D） once and for all 11 The two countries will assign counter-drug officials to their respective embassies on a_ basis. （ A） fundamental （ B） similar （ C） reciprocal （ D）

8、reasonable 12 Tennessees population is nearly two-fifths rural, and no single city or group of cities_the state. （ A） dominates （ B） manages （ C） manipulates （ D） controls 13 We all know that in a situation like this a cool head is_. （ A） called for （ B） called off （ C） called on （ D） called up 14 T

9、he destruction an earthquake causes depends on its _ and duration, or the amount of shaking that occurs. （ A） altitude （ B） magnitude （ C） multitude （ D） aptitude 15 The El Nino has_affected the regional weather and temperature over much of the tropics, sub-tropics and some mid-latitude areas. （ A）

10、externally （ B） consistently （ C） insistently （ D） internally 16 During all these years of absence, he had_a tender feeling for his mother and the family. （ A） enclosed （ B） hugged （ C） enriched （ D） cherished 17 The_choice for a consumer, therefore, is the choice among the available ones that will

11、enable him or her to maximize utility. （ A） optimal （ B） optional （ C） optical （ D） optimistic 18 Mrs. Smith_tears when she heard her daughter had died in the road accident. （ A） broke in （ B） broke up （ C） broke through （ D） broke into 19 _a few years ago, the existence of sexual harassment in many

12、 businesses was scarcely acknowledged. （ A） Before （ B） Since （ C） Until （ D） Up to 20 Jim was_asking his mother to buy him a new bike, so she finally gave in. （ A） hesitant about （ B） concerned with （ C） eager for （ D） persistent in 21 The whole village_by a sudden flood, they had to stay in tents.

13、 （ A） having been destroyed （ B） has been destroyed （ C） was destroyed （ D） had been destroyed 22 _may seem helpful behavior to you can be understood as interference by others. （ A） What （ B） That （ C） It （ D） Which 23 Because his movements were so_I was hardly aware he was moving at all. （ A） swift

14、 （ B） obvious （ C） graceful （ D） slight 24 We tend to think the men we like are good for everything, and _we dont, good for nothing. （ A） ones （ B） those （ C） the one （ D） that 25 The basic causes are unknown though certain conditions that may lead to cancer have been_. （ A） identified （ B） guarante

15、ed （ C） notified （ D） conveyed 26 Computers_5% of the countrys commercial electricity consumption. （ A） pay for （ B） stand for （ C） account for （ D） provide for 27 In his lecture, the education expert emphasized the fact that nowadays children are exposed to many influences_that of their families. （

16、 A） rather than （ B） other than （ C） except for （ D） but for 28 On the large board in the main hall of the airport, you can easily find the different destinations _which airlines can take you. （ A） in （ B） of （ C） to （ D） by 29 Fingerprints form an unchangeable mark_despite changes in the individual

17、s appearance or age. （ A） mark （ B） sign （ C） remark （ D） signature 30 The two soldiers spent many years together, fighting _and sharing their victories and disappointments. （ A） face to face （ B） side by side （ C） back to back （ D） step by step 二、 Reading Comprehension 30 For office innovators, the

18、 unrealized dream of the “paperless“ office is a classic example of high-tech hubris(傲慢 ). Todays office drone is drowning in more paper than ever before. But after decades of hype, American offices may finally be losing their paper obsession. The demand for paper used to outstrip the growth of the

19、US economy, but the past two or three years have seen a marked slowdown in sales despite a healthy economic scene. Analysts attribute the decline to such factors as advances in digital databases and communication systems. Escaping our craving for paper, however, will be anything but an easy affair.

20、“ Old habits are hard to break,“ says Merilyn Dunn, a communications supplies director. “ There are some functions that paper serves where a screen display doesnt work. Those functions are both its strength and its weakness. “ In the early to mid-1990s, a booming economy and improved desktop printer

21、s helped boost paper sales by 6 to 7 percent each year. The convenience of desktop printing allowed office workers to indulge in printing anything and everything at very little effort or cost. But now, the growth rate of paper sales in the United States is flattening by about half a percent each yea

22、r. Between 2004 and 2005, Ms. Dunn says, plain white office paper will see less than a 4 percent growth rate, despite the strong overall economy. A primary reason for the change, says Dunn, is that for the first time ever, some 47 percent of the workforce entered the job market after computers had a

23、lready been introduced to offices. “Were finally seeing a reduction in the amount of paper being used per worker in the workplace,“ says John Maine, vice president of a pulp and paper economic consulting firm. “ More information is being transmitted electronically, and more and more people are comfo

24、rtable with the information residing only in electronic form without printing multiple backups. “ In addition, Mr. Maine points to the lackluster employment market for white-collar workers the primary driver of office paper consumption for the shift in paper usage. The real paradigm shift may be in

25、the way paper is used. Since the advent of advanced and reliable office-network systems, data storage has moved away from paper archives. The secretarial art of “filing“ is disappearing from job descriptions. Much of todays data may never leave its original digital format. The changing attitudes tow

26、ard paper have finally caught the attention of paper companies, says Richard Harper, a researcher at Microsoft. “ All of a sudden, the paper industry has started thinking, We need to learn more about the behavioural aspects of paper use, “ he says. “They had never asked, theyd just assumed that 70 m

27、illion sheets would be bought per year as a literal function of economic growth. “ To reduce paper use, some companies are working to combine digital and paper capabilities. For example, Xerox Corp. is developing electronic paper: thin digital displays that respond to a stylus, like a pen on paper.

28、Notations can be erased or saved digitally. Another idea, intelligent paper, comes from Anoto Group. It would allow notations made with a stylus on a page printed with a special magnetic ink to simultaneously appear on a computer screen. Even with such technological advances, the improved capabiliti

29、es of digital storage continue to act against “ paperlessness,“ argues Paul Saffo, a technology forecaster. In his prophetic and metaphorical 1989 essay, “ The Electronic Pinata(彩罐 ),“ he suggests that the increasing amounts of electronic data necessarily require more paper. The information industry

30、 today is like a huge electronic pinata, composed of a thin paper crust surrounding an electronic core, “ Mr. Saffo wrote. The growing paper crust “is most noticeable, but the hidden electronic core that produces the crust is far larger and growing more rapidly. The result is that we are becoming pa

31、perless, but we hardly notice at all. “ In the same way that digital innovations have increased paper consumption, Saffo says, so has video conferencing with its promise of fewer in-person meetings boosting business travel. “Thats one of the great ironies of the information age,“ Saffo says. “Its ju

32、st common sense that the more you talk to someone by phone or computer, it inevitably leads to a face-to-face meeting. The best thing for the aviation industry was the Internet. “ 31 What function does the second sentence in the first paragraph serve? （ A） It further explains high-tech hubris. （ B）

33、It confirms the effect of high-tech hubris. （ C） It offers a cause for high-tech hubris. （ D） It offers a contrast to high-tech hubris. 32 Which of the following is NOT a reason for the slowdown in paper sales? （ A） Workforce with better computer skills. （ B） Slow growth of the US economy. （ C） Chan

34、ging patterns in paper use. （ D） Changing employment trends. 33 The two innovations by Xerox Corp. and Anoto Group feature_. （ A） integrated use of paper and digital form （ B） a shift from paper to digital form （ C） the use of computer screen （ D） a new style of writing 34 What does the author mean

35、by “irony of the information age“? （ A） The dream of the “paperless“ office will be realized. （ B） People usually prefer to have face-to-face meetings. （ C） More digital data use leads to greater paper use. （ D） Some people are opposed to video-conferencing. 35 What is the authors attitude towards “

36、paperlessness“? （ A） He reviews the situation from different perspectives. （ B） He agrees with some of the people quoted in the passage. （ C） He has a preference for digital innovations. （ D） He thinks airlines benefit most from the digital age. 35 The University in Transformation, edited by Austral

37、ian futurists Sohail Inayatullah and Jennifer Gidley, presents some 20 highly varied outlooks on tomorrows universities by writers representing both Western and non-Western perspectives. Their essays raise a broad range of issues, questioning nearly every key assumption we have about higher educatio

38、n today. The most widely discussed alternative to the traditional campus is the Internet University a voluntary community to scholars/teachers physically scattered throughout a country or around the world but all linked in cyberspace. A computerized university could have many advantages, such as eas

39、y scheduling, efficient delivery of lectures to thousands or even millions of students at once, and ready access for students everywhere to the resources of all the worlds great libraries. Yet the Internet University poses dangers, too. For example, a line of franchised courseware, produced by a few

40、 superstar teachers, marketed under the brand name of a famous institution, and heavily advertised, might eventually come to dominate the global education market, warns sociology professor Peter Manicas of the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Besides enforcing a rigidly standardized curriculum, such a

41、 “college education in a box“ could undersell the offerings of many traditional brick and mortar institutions, effectively driving them out of business and throwing thousands of career academics out of work, note Australian communications professors David Rooney and Greg Hearn. On the other hand, wh

42、ile global connectivity seems highly likely to play some significant role in future higher education, that does not mean greater uniformity in course content or other dangers will necessarily follow. Counter-movements are also at work. Many in academia, including scholars contributing to this volume

43、, are questioning the fundamental mission of university education. What if, for instance, instead of receiving primarily technical training and building their individual careers, university students and professors could focus their learning and research efforts on existing problems in their local co

44、mmunities and the world? Feminist scholar Ivana Milojevic dares to dream what a university might become “ if we believed that child-care workers and teachers in early childhood education should be one of the highest(rather than lowest)paid professionals?“ Co-editor Jennifer Gidley shows how tomorrow

45、s university faculty, instead of giving lectures and conducting independent research, may take on three new roles. Some would act as brokers, assembling customized degree-credit programmes for individual students by mixing and matching the best course offerings available from institutions all around

46、 the world. A second group, mentors, would function much like todays faculty advisers, but are likely to be working with many more students outside their own academic specialty. This would require them to constantly be learning from their students as well as instructing them. A third new role for fa

47、culty, and in Gidleys view the most challenging and rewarding of all, would be as meaning-makers: charismatic sages and practitioners leading groups of students/colleagues in collaborative efforts to find spiritual as well as rational and technological solutions to specific real-world problems. More

48、over, there seems little reason to suppose that any one form of university must necessarily drive out all other options. Students may be “enrolled“ in courses offered at virtual campuses on the Internet, between or even during sessions at a real world problem focused institution. As co-editor Sohail

49、 Inayatullah points out in his introduction, no future is inevitable, and the very act of imagining and thinking through alternative possibilities can directly affect how thoughtfully, creatively and urgently even a dominant technology is adapted and applied. Even in academia, the future belongs to those who care enough to work their visions into practical, sustainable realities. 36 When the book re