ASTM B657-2005 Guide for Metallographic Identification of Microstructure in Cemented Carbides《硬质合金中微观结构金相鉴定指南》.pdf

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1、Designation: B 657 05Standard Guide forMetallographic Identification of Microstructure in CementedCarbides1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B 657; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last

2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This guide covers apparatus and procedures for themetallographic identification of microstructures in cementedcarbides.1.

3、2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Precautions appl

4、y-ing to use of hazardous laboratory chemicals should beobserved for chemicals specified in Table 1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B 665 Guide for Metallographic Sample Preparation ofCemented Tungsten Carbides2.2 ISO Standard:3ISO 4499 HardmetalsMetallographic Determination ofMicrostruct

5、ure3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Symbols:Symbol Definitiona phase tungsten carbideb phase binder (for example, Co, Ni, Fe)g phase carbide of a cubic lattice (for example, TiC, TaC, NbC)that may contain other carbides (for example, WC) insolid solutionh-type phases multiple carbides of tungsten an

6、d at least one metal of thebinder4. Significance and Use4.1 The microstructure of a cemented carbide affects thematerials mechanical and physical properties. This guide isnot intended to be used as a specification for carbide grades.Producers and users may use the microstructural information asa gui

7、de in developing their own specifications.5. Apparatus5.1 Metallographic Microscope capable of magnificationsup to 1500 times.5.2 Ordinary metallurgical laboratory equipment.5.3 Equipment for specimen preparation as outlined inGuide B 665.6. Specimen Preparation6.1 A suitable procedure is described

8、in Guide B 665.7. Procedure7.1 Examine the microstructure by gradual development ofthe phases by etching. Examples of suitable etching techniquesare given in Table 1. Examples of the appearance of someexpected phases, in fine, medium, and coarse grain sizes, aregiven in Fig. 1.7.2 Determine the pres

9、ence of h-type phases by lightlyetching half the section with Technique 1 (see Table 1).Examine the entire section at low magnification and, ifnecessary, at magnifications up to 1500 times. Phases of h-typeare colored orange to brown in the etched portion, and white tolight gray in the unetched port

10、ion. g-Phase may also etchlightly and appear brownish in the etched portion, but will havea brown/gold color even in the unetched portion, therebydifferentiating it from h-phase. The other phases remainunetched. Etching by Technique 1 does not preclude subse-quent etching by Technique 2. Note and re

11、cord the existence ofh-type phases and their distribution.7.3 Determine the presence of g phases by etching withTechnique 2 (Table 1). This phase appears light yellowishbrown and has a typically rounded shape (see Fig. 1). Examinethe etched section and note and record the existence of a gphase.1This

12、 guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B09 on MetalPowders and Metal Powder Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee B09.06 on Cemented Carbides.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2005. Published October 2005. Originallyapproved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in

13、2000 as B 657 92 (2000).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Sta

14、ndards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.7.4 Determine the presence of a phase in the same

15、 etchedspecimen as in 7.3. The a phase appears gray, angular(idiomorphic), and straight-slided (see Fig. 1). Examine theetched section and note and record the presence of a phase.7.5 Identify the b phase in the same etched specimen as 7.3and 7.4. This phase remains white and is usually the continu-o

16、us, interstitial phase between the a and g grains.NOTE 1This procedure follows essentially ISO 4499.8. Report8.1 The report shall include complete identification of thespecimen and the phases present.9. Keywords9.1 cemented carbides; hardmetals; microstructure; powdermetallurgySUMMARY OF CHANGESComm

17、ittee B09 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue, B 657 92(2000), that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Oct. 1, 2005.)(1) Changed from Test Method to Guide.(2) Removed grain size estimation.(3) Expanded explanation of differentiation betwe

18、en h and gphases.(4) Deleted hydrocholoric acid etch in Etching Technique 2.(5) Added more detailed descriptions of phases.TABLE 1 Etching TechniquesNOTE 1The separate solutions of potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) and potassium or sodium hydroxide may be stored for a long time, but must befreshly mi

19、xed each day when used.EtchingTech-niqueComposition of Etchants Conditions of EtchingObjectiveof Etching1 Freshly prepared mixture of equal quantities of 10 %(mass/mass) aqueous solutions of K3Fe(CN)6(III)(potassium ferricyanide) and potassiumor sodium hydroxideEtch at approximately 20C for 2 to 10

20、s. Flush the test-piecesection with water immediately, without removing the oxide layer. Drythe surface carefully with acetone or alcohol without wiping.Identification of hphase2 A Same as 1A Etch at approximately 20C for 2 to 4 min. Identification of a, b,and g phasesB657052(This figure is reprinte

21、d from ISO 4499.)FIG. 1 g Phase (Original Mag. 15003)B657053FIG. 1 g Phase (Original Mag. 15003) (continued)B657054(This figure is reprinted from ISO 4499.)FIG. 2 a Phase (Original Mag. 15003)B657055FIG. 2 a Phase (Original Mag. 15003) (continued)B657056ASTM International takes no position respectin

22、g the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standa

23、rd is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM Internationa

24、l Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.Th

25、is standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).B657057