ASTM A370-2017a Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products《钢制品力学性能试验的标准试验方法和定义》.pdf

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1、Designation: A370 17A370 17aStandard Test Methods and Definitions forMechanical Testing of Steel Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A370; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re

2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods2 cover procedures a

3、nd definitions for the mechanical testing of steels, stainless steels, and related alloys.The various mechanical tests herein described are used to determine properties required in the product specifications. Variationsin testing methods are to be avoided, and standard methods of testing are to be f

4、ollowed to obtain reproducible and comparableresults. In those cases in which the testing requirements for certain products are unique or at variance with these generalprocedures, the product specification testing requirements shall control.1.2 The following mechanical tests are described:SectionsTe

5、nsion 6 to 14Bend 15Hardness 16Brinell 17Rockwell 18Portable 19Impact 20 to 30Keywords 32SectionsTension 6 to 14Bend 15Hardness 16Brinell 17Rockwell 18Portable 19Impact 20 to 30Keywords 321.3 Annexes covering details peculiar to certain products are appended to these test methods as follows:AnnexBar

6、 Products Annex A1Tubular Products Annex A2Fasteners Annex A3Round Wire Products Annex A4Significance of Notched-Bar Impact Testing Annex A5Converting Percentage Elongation of Round Specimens toEquivalents for Flat SpecimensAnnex A6Testing Multi-Wire Strand Annex A7Rounding of Test Data Annex A8Meth

7、ods for Testing Steel Reinforcing Bars Annex A9Procedure for Use and Control of Heat-Cycle Simulation Annex A10AnnexBar Products Annex A1Tubular Products Annex A2Fasteners Annex A3Round Wire Products Annex A4Significance of Notched-Bar Impact Testing Annex A51 These test methods and definitions are

8、under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and are the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee A01.13 on Mechanical and Chemical Testing and Processing Methods of Steel Products and Processes.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2017Nov. 15, 2017. Published Ja

9、nuary 2017December 2017. Originally approved in 1953. Last previous edition approved in 20162017as A370 16.A370 17. DOI: 10.1520/A0370-17.10.1520/A0370-17A.2 For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specification SA-370 in Section II of that Code.This document is not an ASTM

10、 standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all

11、 cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Converting

12、Percentage Elongation of Round Specimens toEquivalents for Flat SpecimensAnnex A6Testing Multi-Wire Strand Annex A7Rounding of Test Data Annex A8Methods for Testing Steel Reinforcing Bars Annex A9Procedure for Use and Control of Heat-Cycle Simulation Annex A101.4 The values stated in inch-pound unit

13、s are to be regarded as the standard.1.5 When this document is referenced in a metric product specification, the yield and tensile values may be determined ininch-pound (ksi) units then converted into SI (MPa) units. The elongation determined in inch-pound gauge lengths of 2 or 8 in.may be reported

14、in SI unit gauge lengths of 50 or 200 mm, respectively, as applicable. Conversely, when this document isreferenced in an inch-pound product specification, the yield and tensile values may be determined in SI units then converted intoinch-pound units. The elongation determined in SI unit gauge length

15、s of 50 or 200 mm may be reported in inch-pound gaugelengths of 2 or 8 in., respectively, as applicable.1.5.1 The specimen used to determine the original units must conform to the applicable tolerances of the original unit systemgiven in the dimension table not that of the converted tolerance dimens

16、ions.NOTE 1This is due to the specimen SI dimensions and tolerances being hard conversions when this is not a dual standard. The user is directed toTest Methods A1058 if the tests are required in SI units.1.6 Attention is directed to ISO/IEC 17025 when there may be a need for information on criteria

17、 for evaluation of testinglaboratories.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theap

18、plicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby th

19、e World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3A623 Specification for Tin Mill Products, General RequirementsA623M Specification for Tin Mill Products, General Requirements MetricA833 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Metallic

20、Materials by Comparison Hardness TestersA956 Test Method for Leeb Hardness Testing of Steel ProductsA1038 Test Method for Portable Hardness Testing by the Ultrasonic Contact Impedance MethodA1058 Test Methods for Mechanical Testing of Steel ProductsMetricA1061/A1061M Test Methods for Testing Multi-W

21、ire Steel Prestressing StrandE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical TestingE8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic MaterialsE10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic MaterialsE18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of

22、 Metallic MaterialsE23 Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic MaterialsE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with SpecificationsE83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Extensometer SystemsE110 Test Method for Rockwell and Brinell

23、 Hardness of Metallic Materials by Portable Hardness TestersE190 Test Method for Guided Bend Test for Ductility of WeldsE290 Test Methods for Bend Testing of Material for Ductility2.2 ASME Document:4ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division I, Part UG-82.3 ISO Standard:5ISO/IEC 17

24、025 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary pag

25、e on the ASTM website.4 Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME International Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:/www.asme.org.5 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.

26、ansi.org.A370 17a23. Significance and Use3.1 The primary use of these test methods is testing to determine the specified mechanical properties of steel, stainless steel andrelated alloy products for the evaluation of conformance of such products to a material specification under the jurisdiction ofA

27、STM Committee A01 and its subcommittees as designated by a purchaser in a purchase order or contract.3.1.1 These test methods may be and are used by other ASTM Committees and other standards writing bodies for the purposeof conformance testing.3.1.2 The material condition at the time of testing, sam

28、pling frequency, specimen location and orientation, reportingrequirements, and other test parameters are contained in the pertinent material specification or in a General RequirementSpecification for the particular product form.3.1.3 Some material specifications require the use of additional test me

29、thods not described herein; in such cases, the requiredtest method is described in that material specification or by reference to another appropriate test method standard.3.2 These test methods are also suitable to be used for testing of steel, stainless steel and related alloy materials for otherpu

30、rposes, such as incoming material acceptance testing by the purchaser or evaluation of components after service exposure.3.2.1 As with any mechanical testing, deviations from either specification limits or expected as-manufactured properties canoccur for valid reasons besides deficiency of the origi

31、nal as-fabricated product. These reasons include, but are not limited to:subsequent service degradation from environmental exposure (for example, temperature, corrosion); static or cyclic service stresseffects, mechanically-induced damage, material inhomogeneity, anisotropic structure, natural aging

32、 of select alloys, furtherprocessing not included in the specification, sampling limitations, and measuring equipment calibration uncertainty. There isstatistical variation in all aspects of mechanical testing and variations in test results from prior tests are expected.An understandingof possible r

33、easons for deviation from specified or expected test values should be applied in interpretation of test results.4. General Precautions4.1 Certain methods of fabrication, such as bending, forming, and welding, or operations involving heating, may affect theproperties of the material under test. There

34、fore, the product specifications cover the stage of manufacture at which mechanicaltesting is to be performed. The properties shown by testing prior to fabrication may not necessarily be representative of the productafter it has been completely fabricated.4.2 Improperly machined specimens should be

35、discarded and other specimens substituted.4.3 Flaws in the specimen may also affect results. If any test specimen develops flaws, the retest provision of the applicableproduct specification shall govern.4.4 If any test specimen fails because of mechanical reasons such as failure of testing equipment

36、 or improper specimenpreparation, it may be discarded and another specimen taken.5. Orientation of Test Specimens5.1 The terms “longitudinal test” and “transverse test” are used only in material specifications for wrought products and are notapplicable to castings. When such reference is made to a t

37、est coupon or test specimen, the following definitions apply:5.1.1 Longitudinal Test, unless specifically defined otherwise, signifies that the lengthwise axis of the specimen is parallel to thedirection of the greatest extension of the steel during rolling or forging. The stress applied to a longit

38、udinal tension test specimenis in the direction of the greatest extension, and the axis of the fold of a longitudinal bend test specimen is at right angles to thedirection of greatest extension (Fig. 1, Fig. 2a, and Fig. 2b).5.1.2 Transverse Test, unless specifically defined otherwise, signifies tha

39、t the lengthwise axis of the specimen is at right anglesto the direction of the greatest extension of the steel during rolling or forging. The stress applied to a transverse tension testspecimen is at right angles to the greatest extension, and the axis of the fold of a transverse bend test specimen

40、 is parallel to thegreatest extension (Fig. 1).5.2 The terms “radial test” and “tangential test” are used in material specifications for some wrought circular products and arenot applicable to castings. When such reference is made to a test coupon or test specimen, the following definitions apply:5.

41、2.1 Radial Test, unless specifically defined otherwise, signifies that the lengthwise axis of the specimen is perpendicular to theaxis of the product and coincident with one of the radii of a circle drawn with a point on the axis of the product as a center (Fig.2a).5.2.2 Tangential Test, unless spec

42、ifically defined otherwise, signifies that the lengthwise axis of the specimen is perpendicularto a plane containing the axis of the product and tangent to a circle drawn with a point on the axis of the product as a center (Fig.2a, Fig. 2b, Fig. 2c, and Fig. 2d).TENSION TEST6. Description6.1 The ten

43、sion test related to the mechanical testing of steel products subjects a machined or full-section specimen of thematerial under examination to a measured load sufficient to cause rupture. The resulting properties sought are defined inTerminology E6.A370 17a36.2 In general, the testing equipment and

44、methods are given in Test Methods E8/E8M. However, there are certain exceptionsto Test Methods E8/E8M practices in the testing of steel, and these are covered in these test methods.7. Terminology7.1 For definitions of terms pertaining to tension testing, including tensile strength, yield point, yiel

45、d strength, elongation, andreduction of area, reference should be made to Terminology E6.8. Testing Apparatus and Operations8.1 Loading SystemsThere are two general types of loading systems, mechanical (screw power) and hydraulic. These differchiefly in the variability of the rate of load applicatio

46、n. The older screw power machines are limited to a small number of fixedfree running crosshead speeds. Some modern screw power machines, and all hydraulic machines permit stepless variationthroughout the range of speeds.8.2 The tension testing machine shall be maintained in good operating condition,

47、 used only in the proper loading range, andcalibrated periodically in accordance with the latest revision of Practices E4.NOTE 2Many machines are equipped with stress-strain recorders for autographic plotting of stress-strain curves. It should be noted that somerecorders have a load measuring compon

48、ent entirely separate from the load indicator of the testing machine. Such recorders are calibrated separately.8.3 LoadingIt is the function of the gripping or holding device of the testing machine to transmit the load from the heads ofthe machine to the specimen under test. The essential requiremen

49、t is that the load shall be transmitted axially. This implies thatthe centers of the action of the grips shall be in alignment, insofar as practicable, with the axis of the specimen at the beginningand during the test and that bending or twisting be held to a minimum. For specimens with a reduced section, gripping of thespecimen shall be restricted to the grip section. In the case of certain sections tested in full size, nonaxial loading is unavoidableand in such cases shall be permissible.8.4 Speed of TestingThe speed of testing shall not be greater than that at whi