ASHRAE OR-10-022-2010 SAA Integrates with ASHRAE《SAA与ASHRAE合并》.pdf

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1、2010 ASHRAE 203ABSTRACTThis paper presents the results of the Society of AmericanArchivists (SAA) new facilities design guidelines which havelong been needed. This new design guide is intended to inte-grate with ASHRAE standards of museums, libraries, galleriesand archives requirements for preservat

2、ion environments. Thegoal is to have ASHRAE and SAA jointly endorse these designstandards.INTRODUCTIONTiming couldnt be better; the Society of AmericanArchivists (SAA) has been studying the need to establishcomprehensive and uniform guidance for the design of archi-val facilities. A special task for

3、ce working group Cochaired byArchival Facility Consultants Michelle Pacifico and ThomasWilsted was created which consisted of representation fromthe engineering industry, architectural expertise, constructionindustry, archive users, and expertise of the Library ofCongress (LOC) and the National Arch

4、ives and RecordsAdministration (NARA). The task force has spent about 2years in its deliberations to develop realistic design guidelinesfor facilities design and their environmental criteria fortemperature, relative humidity and filtration needs.The fruits of their labors are soon to reach the gener

5、alpublic in a new publication which will be a comprehensiveguide for archive designers. The document is titled “Archivaland Special Collections Facilities Guidelines for Archivists,Librarians, Architects, and Engineers”. The document will beavailable in fall 2009 and is published by the Society of A

6、mer-ican Archivists. Timing is perfect because ASHRAE is rightnow in the process of revisiting its handbook chapter whichaddresses the design of Museums, Galleries, Libraries, andArchives. Accordingly, it looks like the two agencies will beable to be consistent with each other, thus strengthening th

7、evalue of both ASHRAE and the SAA as their design guidelinesgo forward in an integrated fashion.BACKGROUNDHow Did We Get Here Today?Establishing environmental standards for museums,libraries, and archives has been a long road for both ASHRAEand SAA. It wasnt until the 1999 ASHRAE HandbookHVAC Applic

8、ations, Chapter 20, that ASHRAE finally took ahard look at the design of museums and found their engineer-ing design practices throughout the country to be lacking inthe underlying need to differentiate a museum from a com-puter room. Both need precision climate control, but com-puter rooms have a h

9、igh sensible heat load from theirelectrical equipment while museums have a high latent heatload largely from infiltration of unconditioned outdoor air.Some designers were specifying computer room HVACequipment for use in museums and their archival storagerooms. As a result, some installations were o

10、ften problematicbecause the computer room HVAC equipment did not havelarge enough capacity reheat coils. Thus, on a call for dehu-midification by the HVAC equipments humidity controls, theHVAC unit would continue to cool the room but could not suf-ficiently reheat it. The result would be a spiral ef

11、fect of roomcooling and relative humidity rising to the point where cool-ing coils would ice over and high humidities would actuallylead to mold outbreaks.While some designers were specifying computer roomHVAC equipment in museums and their storage rooms, someSAA Integrates with ASHRAEErnest A. Conr

12、ad, PEAssociate Member ASHRAEErnest A. Conrad is a principal with Landmark Facilities Group, Inc., Norwalk, CT.OR-10-022 2010, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). Published in ASHRAE Transactions 2010, Vol. 116, Part 1. For personal use o

13、nly. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission. 204 ASHRAE Transactionsother designers of libraries and archive vaults had little or nopublished standards or design guidance. As a result, manylibra

14、ries had been designed mostly as commercial spaces withonly temperature controlled HVAC systems that either heatedor cooled their rooms during the occupied daytime and shutdown or setback at night. While shut down their room condi-tions would heat up in summer thus lowering their relativehumidity, a

15、nd cool down to set back settings on winter nights.This daily temperature cycling would also create daily sub-stantial relative humidity cycling fluctuations.Early, in the 1980s the Library of Congress studied theeffect of relative humidity fluctuations on the acceleratedaging of paper at their Wash

16、ington D.C. laboratory under thedirection of Chandru Shahani (Shahani, Hengemihle, andWeberg undated).Then in 1994 David Ehardt and Marion Meckenburg ofthe Conservation Analytical Laboratory of the SmithsonianInstitution (Ottawa Congress 1994) presented the results oftheir formal testing of the beha

17、vior of museum collections tochanging humidity environments. The research found thatlarge fluctuations of relative humidity should be avoided. Thegeneral outcome of this research resulted in a new movementtoward producing room environments which focused more onenvironmental stability. This would req

18、uire an HVAC systemto operate continuously all day and all night.And so began the trend for libraries to copy this philoso-phy and operate the HVAC systems for their archives andspecial collections continuously day and night. However, mostof these libraries had HVAC systems which had only basictempe

19、rature control and no dehumidification reheat capabil-ity. As a result, during the summer season it has been foundthat these rooms would have relative humidity levels at orabove 70% RH continuously from June through August. Theresultmold outbreaks!ASHRAE RESPONSEFinally in 1997 a special subcommitte

20、e was created byASHRAE through its technical committee TC9.8 headed byWilliam Rose et al. to examine the museum failures. The spe-cial subcommittee represented all walks of museum expertiseincluding the research work of the Canadian ConservationInstitute (Michalski 1993). This special subcommittee i

21、mple-mented a dramatic improvement to the ASHRAE Handbookwhich until 1995 only contained two pages of general infor-mation that addressed museums design. The special subcom-mittee created a complete new handbook chapter published inthe 1999 ASHRAE HandbookHVAC Applications, Chapter20 just dedicated

22、to museums, libraries, and archives design.It was a revolutionary step forward for the historic preserva-tion community in the United States.Again, in the next normal 4 year cycle of review, the 2003HandbookHVAC Applications, Chapter 21 further refinedand improved these design guidelines. As a resul

23、t, more infor-mation was integrated into the Handbook to help make it moreuser friendly and energy efficient.SAA RESPONSEArchive facilities have long been regarded by somedesigners as either a warehouse or the back storage rooms ina library. However, archive facilities consist of a whole host ofbuil

24、ding types and spaces. They are storage spaces on the Stateand Federal level for legal and other government records orlocal town halls which contain vaults for deeds, tax records,financial data, official meeting records and other vital records.The various research tests over the last ten years byNAR

25、A, LOC, and the Smithsonian Institution, as well as otheragencies including The Canadian Conservation Institute havefound that dramatic changes in archival records preservationmethods are needed. The SAA with input from a variety ofsources including the Library of Congress has now produceda unified

26、design guideline for archival facilities of all types.This is a first ever consolidated document to address all thespecial aspects of archives design. It is titled “Archival andSpecial Collections Facilities Guidelines for Archivists,Librarians, Architects, and Engineers.” It is presently in thefina

27、l draft review publication stage. Copies can be obtainedthrough the References appendix.ARCHIVE ENVIRONMENTAL CRITERIA HISTORYThe LOC has largely lead the research field in examiningthe preservation needs of archival paper documents. In 1995William Wilson (Wilson 1995) authored the NISO Press“Enviro

28、nmental Guidelines for the Storage of Paper Records”based on the Shahani, et al research efforts at the LOC Wash-ington, D.C. laboratories. The tests found that paper has alower limit of relative humidity stability of 30% RH. Belowthis point paper is so brittle that when handled and folded itsfibers

29、 begin to break. This is irreversible. Therefore, the LOCset the lower limit of relative humidity to be 30% RH for archi-val preservation. The LOC and Wilsons research also studiedthe combined effects of temperature and relative humidity onpaper archive collections aging.Arrhenius equations were use

30、d along with the laboratoryaccelerated aging tests. The Arrhenius equation is named afterSvante Arrhenius who identified the relationship of tempera-ture to the rate of a chemical reaction in 1889. J.J. Hood thenformulated the relationship into a mathematical equation toaccurately express the findin

31、gs of Arrhenius. The Arrheniusequation has become widely used as an accurate tool to predictthe rates of decay do to physical and chemical aging. By extrap-olation from the work of Graminski (Graminski et al. 1979) andErhardt (1995), a table is presented in the NISO TechnicalReport TR01-1995 that sh

32、ows the relative reaction (degrada-tion) rates of paper at various temperature and relative humidityconditions based on the rate of paper degradation at 70F(21C) and 50% RH being 1.00. In general, the table shows thatthe cooler and dryer, the better for preservation.Given the current practical state

33、 of the art of HVACequipment, the choice of minimum temperature for maximumpreservation was concluded to be 50F (10C) at a relativehumidity of 30% RH for archival preservation. 2010, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). Published in ASHRAE

34、 Transactions 2010, Vol. 116, Part 1. For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission. ASHRAE Transactions 205SAA TODAY PHILOSOPHYThe maximum preservation philosophy of 50F (10C)an

35、d 30% RH is considered the ultimate environment for archi-val preservation. However, given the new generation of HVACequipment by manufacturers needing to meet new U.S. GreenBuilding Council (USGBC) and ASHRAE Standard 90.1HVAC energy efficiency demands, SAA has re-examined theviability of preservat

36、ion of important records by agenciesmandated to preserve records indefinitely.Using the Arrhenius equations of deterioration, it wasfound that the deterioration rate of paper kept at 50F (10C)and 30% RH or slightly elevated to 60F (15C) and 40% RHwas insignificant for most paper materials when compa

37、red toenvironments in unconditioned storage vaults in basementsand attic spaces. In addition, the present HVAC equipmentmarket place now has excellent equipment that can producethese environments of 60F (15C) and 30% to 50% RH at areasonable operating cost. Examples of these systems includehot gas r

38、eheat air handlers (Figure 1); traditional climatecontrol air handlers with low temperature glycol chilled waterand waste process hot water reheat (Figure 2); and packagedenergy recovery air handlers which use heat recovery orenthalpy energy recovery wheels (Figure 3).CONCLUSIONIt is now proposed th

39、at ASHRAE adopt the same envi-ronmental standards as SAA has promulgated in its newlyreleased design guide.These are as follows:Maximum best storage 50F (10C) 30% RHPermanent archival storage 60F (15C) 40% RHOccupied archives 68F (20C) 50% RHOpen reading areas 70F (21C) 55% RHSeasonal drift to reduc

40、e energy costs in heating climatesis acceptable so long as the change is gradual. Therefore,slowly changing the settings for permanent archive storagefrom 60F (15C) and 30% RH in winter to 60F (15C) and50% RH in summer is a valid design and operating approach.The generally accepted day to day overal

41、l tolerance of fluctu-ations is 2F (1C) and 5% RH for paper based records.ASHRAE TODAYWe need to thank the USGBC for the pressure they haveput on the HVAC industry to develop energy efficient equip-ment and HVAC equipment which can economically dehu-midify using the refrigerant process hot gases whi

42、ch are “free”and the use of heat recovery wheels to recover wasted heatenergy. These devices can produce cooling down to 60FFigure 1 Typical hot gas reheat system refrigerant circuit-ing.Figure 2 Typical precision climate control air handler withglycol chilled water.Figure 3 Heat recovery rooftop un

43、it detail. 2010, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). Published in ASHRAE Transactions 2010, Vol. 116, Part 1. For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted w

44、ithout ASHRAEs prior written permission. 206 ASHRAE Transactions(15C) and 50% RH during summer and up to 60F (15C) and30% RH during winter in most heating climates of the UnitedStates. There are now numerous manufacturers which canoffer this equipment.REFERENCESErhardt, D. and M.F. Mecklenburg. 1994

45、. Relative humidityrexamined. 11C Ottawa Congress. A. Roy and P. Smith,eds. London: International Institute for Conservation ofHistoric and Artistic Works.Graminski, E.L., E.J. Parks, and E.E. Toth. 1979. The effectsof temperature and moisture on the accelerated aging ofpaper. In Durability of Maccr

46、omolecular Materials.Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society, pp.341-355.Michalski, S. 1993. Relative humidity: a discussion of correct/incorrect values. ICOM Committee for Conservation 10thTriennial Meeting, Washington, D.C.Wilson, W.K. 1995. Environmental guidelines for the storageof paper rec

47、ords. NISO Technical Report: 1, NISO-TR01-1995. NISO Press, Bethesda, MD.Wilsted, T.P. 2007. Planning new and remodeled archive facil-ities. The Society of American Archivists, Chicago, IL.Wilsted, T.P. and M. Pacifico, eds. 2009. Archival and spe-cial collections facilities; Guidelines for archivis

48、ts,librarians, architects, and engineers. Society of Ameri-can Archivists, Product code: BOOKSAA-0538. 2010, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). Published in ASHRAE Transactions 2010, Vol. 116, Part 1. For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.