ASHRAE JOURN 37-4 CTPD-1995 ASHRAE Journal (Volume 37 Number 4 April 1995)《ASHRAE日报第37卷第4号 1995年4月》.pdf

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1、 ASHRAE TITLE%JOURN 37-4*CTPD 95 0759650 0515714 084 I W6ll shp your dampers within 5 days or wellpay the freight. Well build your control and linkages. If you want to be sure to meet your dampers and ship them in five working days or less. you deadline. deadline, meet with your Or well pay the frei

2、ght. facility thats IS09001 local JohnsonControlcrep- No ifs, ands or buts. If you certified, so youre assured resentative. Or please call Our dampers ae built to fit your specs, as well as ._I_ _ _- Indoor Air Quality Problems? Metrosonics Instruments Provide the Information You Need tu Improve Ind

3、oor Air Quality! I C aq-512 IAQ Monitor 0 Simultaneously Records Key Indicators of Sick Building Syndrome CO2, Temperature, Humidity Data Retrieval and Ashley F. Emery, P.E., Ph.D. Thermal Performance of Cooling Towers By Michel A. Bernier, Ph.D. Outdoor Air Flow Control for VAV Systems By George J.

4、 Janu; Jarrell D. Wenger, P.E.; and Clay G. Nesler Duct Design Fundamentals By Patrick J. Brooks, P.E. Henry L. Galson: Pioneer Designer of Self-Contained Air-conditioning Equipment By Edgar L. Galson, P.E.; and Allen E. Galson, P.E. Specd Sectons ASHRAE 95: Meeting and Show Report ASHRAE Elevates 2

5、0 Members to Fellow Grade Humidifiers /Dehumidifiers ASHRAE Journala (SSN-0001-2491) PUBLISHED MONTHLY, Copyright 1995 by the American Society of Heating. Refrigerating and Air-conditioning EngiWerS Iiic , 1791 Tullie Circle N.E , Atlanta. GA 30329 Second Class postage paid at Atlanta, Georgia. and

6、additional mailing offices PUBLICATION DISCLAIMER-ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated. and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any prod. uct. service. process, procedure, design. or the like which may he described herein The appearance of a

7、ny technical data. editorial material, or advertisement in this publication does not and overseas orders), For Subscription with air mail delivery outside USA, $119 Memhershipsubsctiptions haveacommon June expiration Nonmember subscriptions may vary Payment (US lunds) required with all orders OSTMAS

8、TER: Send form 3579 to ASHRAE Journal, 1791 CHANGEOFADDRESSmust be receivedat subscriptionoffice eiqht weeks helore elfective date Send both old and new addresses for the change MISSION STATEMENT-ASHRAE Journal reviews current HVAC that is, the schooling and train- ing, its length and content are re

9、gulated by the state. The subject matter covered is worked out by the state in cooperation with representatives of the professional bodies involved. The schooling scheme has three stages. Basic schooling in this trade leads to qualification as a skilled refrigeration worker. After several years of p

10、rofessional practice, advanced schooling is available leading to qualifications as master refriger- ation workman and refrigeration technician with a state examination certificate. In addition to these schooling schemes, it is now common practice to update ones skills in advanced training pro- grams

11、. Such programs are usually the result of initiatives from the private sector and are aimed at mastering new demands or changes within a professional field on a short-term basis. The initial course of professional train- ing, apprenticeship, is the basis for work in this field. In the Federal Republ

12、ic of Ger- many, this training is based on a dual system, dividing the task of educating apprentices between the trade schools and commercial companies. Within thesecom- panies, it is the master refrigeration workmen who impart their experience to the apprentices. Refrigeration apprentices usually w

13、ork on-site, at construction sites, installing and mai ntai n i n g ref r i g e rat n g pl ants, but sometimes they work in the employers workshop as well. To begin this course of schooling, a pupil must havecompleted an elementary education at secondary school level. The apprentice then acquires th

14、e basic skills and knowledge required in his or her pro- fession in the course of three and a half years. 10 The areas covered include a know- ledge of refrigeration components, operating materials, oils, refrigerants, maintenance of refrigerating plants, environmental protection/disposal of refrige

15、rants and oils as well as knowledge and skills in the areas of metalworking, con- trol technology and electrotechnology. In addition, a total of seven weeks of one-week course blocks are taught above company levels to harmonize the know- ledge gained by apprentices in different companies. This is ne

16、cessary, due to the fact that small businesses are often not able to demonstrate to their apprentices all aspects of the refrigeration workmans trade. Master refrigeration workmen have been schooled in all the skills and know- ledge involved in the trade. They are qualified to run workshops or busin

17、esses, train apprentices or set up their own businesses. In the field of the skilled trades, masters either have their own businesses or work in refrigeration plant installation and training. In industry, they work as department or workshop heads. To become a master, one must earn the certificate of

18、 apprenticeship in refrigeration engineering or a related profession and work in the profession for three years. The training for masters lasts one year and is offered at recognized technical schools. During this period, existing knowledge is deepened. In addition to practical skills, special emphas

19、is is placed on environmental protection, employee management and customer serviceas well as the commercial knowledge required to run ones own business. This training isfollowed by an examina- tion. The examination committee is ap- pointed by local government on the basis of recommendations from the

20、 local Skilled Trades Chamber. The qualification as refrigeration technician is a relatively new advanced education scheme. The training for this qualification is more theoretically oriented than that for the master. On the basis of the subject matter learned, refrigeration technicians are most like

21、lyto find work in the refrigeration industry and with manufacturers of refrigeration components. Plant projecting and sales are two frequent areas of activity. Admission to this course of study is the same as for the master, the only difference being that only two years of professional practice are

22、required. Studies for this qualification are com- pleted at recognized state technical schools. The study period is four semesters. The contents of the studies are defined in a syllabus worked out by the Ministry of Education in cooperation with the relevant professional associations. The courses of

23、 schooling, training and studies described above constitute the framework of this profession. It must not be forgotten, however, that technical trades such as refrigeration engineering depend on the updated technical knowledge of all the professionals in the field, in particular specialists and mana

24、gerial staff. For this reason, many advanced train- ing institutes have in the past initiated teaching programs designed to serve the objective of advanced training, and to secure a high level of professional know- ledge. The subject matter of these pro- grams is derived directly from market require

25、ments and new trends in day-to-day professional practice, allowing for a much closer relationship to such practical requirements than state curricula can manage. Here is a brief summary of the thematic areas covered by the pro.grams offered by the Bundesfachschule Kalte-Klimakhnik: New Technologies:

26、 Ammonia as a refrigerant; absorber technology in refriger- ation and air-conditioning; tubing tech- nologies; use of hydrocarbons in refrigera- tion engineering; electronics in refrigerating plants; and remote control technology. The Environment: Environmental protection; alternative refrigerants;

27、disposal of oils and refrigerants; searching for and Continued on page 13 ASHRAE Journal April 1995 - - - - - _ - - ASHRAE TITLErJOURN 37-4rCTPD 95 0757b50 0515725 9bT m MICROVIEW The Microview can function as a remote operators terminal for large systems or as a complete operators terminal for smal

28、ler buildings. It even supports a modem. Find out more about this remarkable new controller by calling us at (206) 869-8400 (USA) or fax us at (206) 869-8445. Well send you a free booklet on DDC questions and answers. ASHRAE Journal April 1995 (Circle Na. 10 on Reader Service Card) 11 Continued from

29、 page 70 avoiding leakage in refrigerating plants; and handling hazardous materials. Advanced Training for Specialists and Managerial Staff: Customer-oriented behavior; basics of refrigeration for commercial staff; sales training for refrigeration and air-conditioning specialists; and information te

30、chnology in refrigeration and air-conditioning engineering companies. Standards and Ordinances: Road transport of hazardous materials; accident prevention regulations; and German and Euro- pean standards. The Bundesfachschule Kalte-Klima-Technik provides higher qualification schooling and advanced t

31、raining to 1,100 persons every year. Sixty of these persons study for the master refrigeration workman qualification, and 60 are in the course for refrigeration technicians. Three-hundred persons per year take part in the above-company-level course blocks during their apprenticeship. The rest partic

32、ipate in special programs such as seminars or advanced training courses. Regarding the differences between these numbers, the pupils in the master and technician classescome from all over Germany, whereas the apprentice-year course blocks are offered only to pupilsfrom Hesse and Baden-Wurttemberg. T

33、he skilled trades in refrigeration engineering train a total of 1,800 apprentices every year in Germany. The job market in this trade is one of the healthiest in Germany. As it turns out, many apprenticeships are without applicants. Very few refrigeration engineering workmen and specialists are jobl

34、ess. One reason for this is that this skilled trade is one of Germanys young, dynamic high-tech professions. The following figures reflect this situation: 20,000 refrigeration workmen are employed in the traditional skilled trades. The total number of jobs in the field of refrigeration and air- cond

35、itioning engineering is 40,000. As far as we know. no skilled workers in the field of refrigera- tion and air conditioning are registered as jobless. On the contrary, the job market is Characterized by strong demand for qualified, well- educated workers at all levels in this trade. The German refrig

36、eration engineering trades started to think in international dimensions long before the European Common Market came into being. We recognized early on that there are problems, particularly in fields like refrigeration engineering, that cannot be solved by focusing on national interests. The first th

37、ings that come to mind in this context are environmental problems such as the depletion of tne ozone layer. Then there is our responsibility to provide refriger- ation engineering solutions in Third World aid programs (solutions to hygienic problems). The Bundesfachschule has therefore been training

38、 specialists and managerial staff from many different countries in Europe and beyond (as of 1994, 45 countries on four continents), supporting in this way the transfer of knowledge and technology. The refrigeration engineering branch in these countries is to be raised to a higher level, facilitating

39、 improved medical and hygienic services. On the other hand, developments are not to be realized at thecost of damaging the environment. The Bundesfachschule also does basic research aimed par- ticularly at benefits to developing countries such as powering refrig- eration plants with solar energy. On

40、 the whole, Germans are of the opinion that thinking in terms of states and nations is dated and that even the European idea is not the final answer. The world is much larger than Europe. Euro- pean unity is just one step in the direction of a better, more peaceful world. H ASHRAE Journal April 1995

41、 fcomfcs H200 SERIES ELECTRONIC ,y=- HUMIDISTATS New ! Standard Features Optional Advanced Features 0 Microprocessor Based Outdoor Reset PrecisePI Control Additional Supply High-Limit Sensor 1 or 2 Stages On /Off or PI Humidify or Dehumidify Room, Duct or Remote Sensor Humidiy Retransmit Output Best

42、 Performance at Affordable Prices. . Call or Fax Now for Application Guide ! USA : PO Box 736 Champlain, NY 12919 CANADA: PO Box 696 St. Leonard, Montreal, Que., HIS 225 Tel:(514) 321-5660 Fax:(514) 321-4150 (Circle NO. 12 on Reader Service Card) Lookina for an ahemdive special I aas vent? appliance

43、s and highefficiency condensing commercial and industrial applications. Send for a FREE copy of our brochure, “Venting for the 90s:and learn why so many manufacturers and installers are turning to Heat-Fob for solutions to their venting problems. For a free brochure call 1-800-772-0739. P heakbu lea

44、ding the industry with qualify venting products INCORPORATED 38 Haywood Street, Greenfield, Massachusetts 01301 *Al 29-41 is o Reaaterd Imded of byeahenv Ludlum Cawration. (Circle No. 13 on Reader Service Card) 13 ASHRAE TITLE*JOURN 37-4*CTPD 95 0759b50 0535727 732 ASHRAE TITLE*JOURN 37-4*CTPD 95 W

45、0757650 0535730 227 W BUILDING COMMISSIONING CONFERENCE May 1-3 The Third National Conference on Building Commis- sioning. Milwaukee, Wisconsin Contact: Portland Energy Conservation Inc ,921 SW Washington, Suite 840. Portland, OR 97205; (503) 248-4636, ext. 215 GAS EFFICIENCY EXPOSITION/CONFERENCE M

46、ay 9-11 The 1995 North American Gas Efficiency Exposition and Conference. The Energy Resource Center, Exposition Pavilion, Downey, California. Contact: The trade shows director at (310) 498-8160. IA0 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE May 10-12 Second International Conference on Indoor Air Quality, Ventilatio

47、n and Energy Conservation in Buildings Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Sponsored by the Center for Building Studies (CES). and co- sponsored by ASHRAE. Contact: CBS. Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Boulevard W, Mon- treal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1M8, telephone (514) 848-3200. fax (514) 848-7965. AHR

48、 CHINA 95 May 13-17 The 2nd International Refrigeration, Air-Conditioning and Heating Exhibition for China. China Foreign Trade Center, Guangzhou, China. Contact. Business telephone (852) 2865 2633, fax (852) 2865 5513. 2866 1770. TALL BUILDINGS WORLD CONGRESS Mv 14-19 Habitat and the High-Rise: Tra

49、dition and Innovation. Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Sponsored by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat and the Dutch Council on Tall Buildings. Contact: Council Headquarters, Lehigh University, 13 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA 18015; telephone (610) 758-4522, fax (610) 758-3515. APPLIANCE TECHNICAL CONFERENCE May 15-17 The 46th Annual Internaticnal Appliance Technical Conference. University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign. Co-sponsored by ASHRAE. Conta