ASHRAE GUIDELINE 29-2009 Guideline for the Risk Management of Public Health and Safety in Buildings《在建筑物中公共健康和安全风险管理指南》.pdf

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1、ASHRAE GUIDELINEASHRAE GUIDELINEASHRAE Guideline 29-2009Approved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee on January 24, 2009, and by the ASHRAE Board ofDirectors on January 28, 2009. ASHRAE Guidelines are updated on a five-year cycle; the date following the Guideline is the year of approval.The latest edi

2、tion of an ASHRAE Guideline may be purchased from ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 TullieCircle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail: ordersashrae.org. Fax: 404-321-5478. Telephone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide) or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for orders in US and Canada).Copyright 2009 American Society of Heat

3、ing, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.ISSN 1049-894XAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigeratingand Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgGuideline for theRisk Managementof Public Healthand Safety in BuildingsASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 2

4、0082009Hugh F. Crowther, ChairSteven T. Bushby, Vice-ChairRobert G. BakerMichael F. BedaDonald L. BrandtPaul W. CabotKenneth W. CooperSamuel D. Cummings, Jr.K. William DeanMartin DieryckxRobert G. DoerrAllan B. FraserNadar R. JayaramanByron W. JonesJay A. KohlerCarol E. MarriottMerle F. McBrideFrank

5、 MyersH. Michael NewmanJanice C. PetersonDouglas T. ReindlLawrence J. SchoenBoggarm S. SettyBodh R. SubherwalWilliam F. WalterMichael W. WoodfordDavid E. Knebel, BOD ExOAndrew K. Persily, COStephanie Reiniche, Manager of StandardsSPECIAL NOTEThis American National Standard (ANS) is a national volunt

6、ary consensus standard developed under the auspices of the AmericanSociety of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Consensus is defined by the American National StandardsInstitute (ANSI), of which ASHRAE is a member and which has approved this standard as an ANS, as “subst

7、antial agreement reached bydirectly and materially affected interest categories. This signifies the concurrence of more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity.Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that an effort be made toward their resolution.” Complianc

8、e with thisstandard is voluntary until and unless a legal jurisdiction makes compliance mandatory through legislation.ASHRAE obtains consensus through participation of its national and international members, associated societies, and public review.ASHRAE Standards are prepared by a Project Committee

9、 appointed specifically for the purpose of writing the Standard. The ProjectCommittee Chair and Vice-Chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or may not be ASHRAE members, allmust be technically qualified in the subject area of the Standard. Every effort is made to balance

10、the concerned interests on all ProjectCommittees. The Assistant Director of Technology for Standards and Special Projects of ASHRAE should be contacted for:a. interpretation of the contents of this Standard,b. participation in the next review of the Standard,c. offering constructive criticism for im

11、proving the Standard, ord. permission to reprint portions of the Standard.DISCLAIMERASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Standards and Guidelines for the benefit of the public in light of available information andaccepted industry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assu

12、re the safety or performance of any products, components,or systems tested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAEs Standards or Guidelines or that any tests conducted under itsStandards or Guidelines will be nonhazardous or free from risk.ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDSA

13、SHRAE Standards and Guidelines are established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method of testing for ratingpurposes, by suggesting safe practices in designing and installing equipment, by providing proper definitions of this equipment, and by providingother information that m

14、ay serve to guide the industry. The creation of ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines is determined by the need for them,and conformance to them is completely voluntary.In referring to this Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either stated or impli

15、ed,that the product has been approved by ASHRAE.ASHRAE Guideline Project Committee 29Cognizant TCs: TRG2.BCBR, Technical Resource Group on Blast, Chemical and Biological Remediation, and the Presidential Ad Hoc Committee on Homeland SecuritySPLS Liaison: Douglas T. Reindl*Denotes members of voting s

16、tatus when the document was approved for publication.George O. Glavis, Chair* Andrew K. Persily*Richard P. Bielen* Jonathan Samet*William J. Coad* Patrick F. Spahn*D. Scott Fisher* Lawrence G. Spielvogel*Eli P. Howard, III* Ronald P. Vallort*Stuart L. Knoop* James E. Woods*CONTENTSASHRAE Guideline 2

17、9-2009Guideline for the Risk Management of Public Health and Safety in BuildingsSECTION PAGEForeword. 21 Purpose 22 Scope . 23 Definitions. 24 Risk Management Approach 35 Design for New and Existing Facilities . 56 Operation and Maintenance of Buildings 207 References . 24Informative Appendix ARisk

18、Management Example. 25Informative Appendix BSupplemental Information 31Informative Appendix CBibliography. 34Informative Appendix DReference Information . 36NOTEWhen addenda, interpretations, or errata to this guideline have been approved, they can be downloadedfree of charge from the ASHRAE Web sit

19、e at www.ashrae.org/technology. Copyright 2009 American Society of Heating,Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle NEAtlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgAll rights reserved.ASHRAE Guideline 29-2009 2(This foreword is not a part of this guideline. It is merelyinformative and d

20、oes not contain requirements necessaryfor conformance to the guideline.)FOREWORDRisk management of extraordinary incidents is a criticalstep in the process of establishing project goals and programsin the design and operation of new facilities or the renovationof existing facilities. This process wi

21、ll assist in determiningwhat facility protection measures are appropriate to mitigatepotential threats to meet the decision makers operationalneeds at an acceptable cost. Methods described in this guide-line show how analyses can be performed to assist the deci-sion maker in this process. The guidel

22、ine focuses primarily onoffice and multifamily residences as opposed to industrial orspecialty designs such as transportation or detention facilities.While no International Organization for Standardization(ISO) standard currently exists for emergency preparedness,ASHRAE provided “initial guidance on

23、 actions that should betaken to reduce the health and safety risks of occupants inbuildings that might be subject to extraordinary incidents” inits Report of Presidential Ad Hoc Committee for BuildingHealth and Safety under Extraordinary Incidents, dated Janu-ary 26, 2003. This initial guidance rais

24、ed the awareness of thepossibility of the occurrence of terrorist-like acts andaddressed the tools necessary to design a system that wouldprovide better protection of material and/or human assets.Events such as the 2008 hotel attack in Mumbai and the USembassy attacks in Sanaa and Jeddah, among othe

25、rs, high-light the increased vulnerability of Americans with shiftingsocial mores around this country and the world.There have been many studies and reports that providemore specific guidance in many subject areas, especially theFEMA Risk Management Series, including FEMA 426, Refer-ence Manual to M

26、itigate Potential Terrorist Attacks AgainstBuildings, but they do not all provide comprehensive guidancein many subject areas. Few provide a holistic overview of the“pieces” that are within the purview of the HVAC design pro-fessional and are integrated with the architecture of the build-ing. This g

27、uideline recognizes that all of this is to be done inconjunction with ongoing requirements such as remainingwithin budgets, providing customer satisfaction, improvingindoor air quality (while also potentially mitigating threats ofbiological and chemical airborne agents), and minimizingenvironmental

28、impacts for both new and existing facilities.Many of the concerns that design professionals face dur-ing the normal project development cycle (wind load, seismiclevels, etc.) lead them to create safe and secure facilities. Miti-gation of terrorist threats may also be beneficial in these areasand ser

29、ve as an enhanced multi-hazard approach that may bemore easily justified in the project budget. This guideline pro-vides information that encourages us to take the next step andconsider the value of the assets that we are designingaroundour people, our physical assets, and our continuedbusiness oper

30、ations.1. PURPOSEThe purpose of this guideline is to provide guidance for thepractical evaluation, design, and implementation of measuresto reduce multiple risks in new and existing buildings.2. SCOPEThis guideline contains qualitative and quantitative meth-ods for management of the risk of extraord

31、inary incidents inbuildings. Specific subject areas of concern include air, food,and water. The extraordinary events addressed in this guidelineinclude fire, seismic events, chemical and biological releases,blast, and other extraordinary hazards. The guideline willaddress extraordinary incidents fro

32、m a multihazard perspec-tive and will cover both intentional and accidental occurrences.The guideline addresses aspects of building performance thataffect occupant health and safety, including egress; chemical,biological, and radiological (CBR) protection; fire protection;smoke removal or purging; f

33、iltration; air quality; entrance pathsfor contaminants; and building envelopes. 3. DEFINITIONSDefinitions of most terms used in this guideline may befound in ASHRAE Terminology of Heating, Ventilation, AirConditioning, prepare a plan for implementation to reducethese risks; and conduct periodic revi

34、ews of the risks and theplans relevance to any changes in those risks. This sectionpresents an approach to achieve this objective. The ranking ofrisks needs to consider both the likelihood of incidents takingplace and the potential severity of their consequences. The Risk Management approach in this

35、 guideline isgeneral in nature and should be implemented to fit the situa-tion. This guideline is not intended to be a mandatory docu-ment. The chosen approach may take many forms. Someorganizations may take a formal and detailed approach, whileothers may take an informal and simpler approach. An ex

36、am-ple of the Risk Management methodology is provided in Infor-mative Appendix A. This Risk Management approach is based on the frame-work shown in Figure 1. In this framework, the first step is toevaluate the risk to a facility posed by various threats. Basedon the level of risk, an assessment is c

37、onducted of the vulner-ability of a given building to an incident. For example, abuilding located next to railroad tracks is more vulnerable toa hazardous chemical leak resulting from a train derailment.All facilities are vulnerable to a degree. The decision makerdetermines the level of acceptable v

38、ulnerability for a givenfacility and decides, for each threat, whether it must beaddressed or whether the potential losses it might cause can beaccepted due to the level of likelihood, the impracticality ofimplementation, or the high cost of protection.Proper use of Risk Management should include th

39、efollowing features (see Informative Appendix A for moreinformation):Identifies which risks are the most critical.Determines which risks require the most resources.Offers flexibility and can be adapted to an organizationsneeds and resources.Creates a written history of Threat and Risk Assessment,mit

40、igation evaluation, implementation, and feedback.Encourages discussion about risk, requirements, andtechnologies.Promotes periodic review to ensure the organizationsneeds are met.Involves diverse groups that bring a broad range ofexperience and expertise to mitigate the risks.The Risk Management pro

41、cess includes the followingfour steps:41. Risk Assessment2. Risk Management planning3. Risk Management plan implementation4. Re-evaluating the plan after implementation, and modify-ing it as neededIn the first step, Risk Assessment identifies the threats,the value of the probable losses, and system

42、vulnerabilities.The second step identifies options that can reduce vulnerabil-ities, mitigate the risks, and provide protection to acceptablelevels (criteria). These options are then analyzed for theirimpact on total system performance, estimated cost, and prior-itized for implementation. In the thi

43、rd step, the options areorganized into a coherent plan, which leads to their installationand commissioning. In the fourth step, the plan is re-evaluatedperiodically to ensure that it meets current needs. If or whenthe performance of the installed system is found to be insuf-ficient, the four-step pr

44、ocess is repeated.4.2 Risk Assessment. Risk Assessment is a multitaskprocess:1. Identify the decision maker.2. Conduct a Threat Assessment.3. Conduct a vulnerability assessment.4. Assign a risk category.5. Establish criteria.6. Calculate the loads imposed by threats.7. Develop and evaluate intervent

45、ion (alternative solutions).8. Determine if the criteria are met.9. Select the intervention to use.10. Run the assessment using multiple threats.Figure 1 Risk Management framework.3ASHRAE Guideline 29-2009 44.2.1 Identify the Decision Maker. Identify the decisionmaker, who is the individual or group

46、 responsible for defining:1. Measurable parameters of possible harm or loss2. The values of the parameters3. Acceptable vulnerability in terms of these measurableparameters and valuesMeasurable parameters of possible harm or loss include,but are not limited to, the following:Loss of lifeLoss of prop

47、erty or revenueLoss of profitsLoss of labor hoursLoss of businessLoss of key personnelCost of recoveryThe Risk Management decision maker is responsible forany measurable parameters of possible harm or loss including,but not limited to, potential injuries; loss of life, property, orrevenues, profits,

48、 or labor hours; and cost of recovery.4.2.2 Conduct a Threat Assessment. The Threat Assess-ment should identify the types of incidents (see Table 1 forexample threats), their probabilities, and their impacts thatpresent a risk to the facility. 4.2.3 Conduct a Vulnerability Assessment. The vulner-abi

49、lity assessment identifies susceptibilities in the facilityssystems and estimates the probability that the threat can occurand cause harm, the extent of the damage, and the loss interms of cost.4.2.4 Assign a Risk Category. The risk categories for thepurpose of this guideline are: CriticalAn incident that, if it occurred, would causefailure of the performance of the facility or would have amajor impact on occupant health and safety.SeriousAn incident that, if it occurred, would causea major disruption in the performance of the facility orwould have a significant impact on occu