ASCE MOP 28-1996 Hydrology Handbook (Second Edition).pdf

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1、 ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 28Hydrology HandbookSecond EditionPrepared by the Task Committee on Hydrology Handbookof Management Group D of the American Society of Civil EngineersThis is a completely re-written editionof the Manual published in 1949.Published by345 East 47th

2、 StreetNew York, NY 10017-2398ASCEAbstract:This new edition of the Hydrology Handbook (Manual No. 28) incorporates the many changes and advances thathave occurred in the areas of planning, development, and management of water resources since the publication ofthe original manual in 1949. The first s

3、ix chapters, Chapters 2 through 7, relate to the natural phenomena in thehydrologic cycle, while the next three chapters describe the predictions and effects of the phenomena previouslydescribed. The final chapter reviews the applications of hydrology starting with study formulation, then reviewsdat

4、a management, then discusses calibration and verification of hycuologic models, and concludes with accessingaccuracy and reliability of results. With this new edition, academic and practicing hydrologists have a thorough andup-to-date guide to the field of hydrologic engineering.Library of Congress

5、Cataloging-in-Publication DataHydrology handbook / prepared by the Task Committee on Hydrology Handbook of Management Group D of theAmerican Society of Civil Engineers. 2nd ed.p. cm. (ASCE manuals and reports on engineering practice ; no. 28)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-7844-

6、0138-11. Hydrology. I. American Society of Civil Engineers. Task Committee on Hydrology Handbook. II. Series.GB661.2.H93 1996 96-41049551.48-dc20 CIPThe material presented in this publication has been prepared in accordance with generally recognizedengineering principles and practices, and is for ge

7、neral information only. This information should not be usedwithout first securing competent advice with respect to its suitability for any general or specific application.The contents of this publication are not intended to be and should not be construed to be a standard of theAmerican Society of Ci

8、vil Engineers (ASCE) and are not intended for use as a reference in purchase specifications,contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legal document.No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process or service constitutes orimplies an endorsement, recommendation, or

9、 warranty thereof by ASCE.ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, concerning theaccuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, apparatus, product, or process discussed in thispublication, and assumes no liability therefore.Anyone utilizi

10、ng this information assumes all liability arising from such use, including but not limited toinfringement of any patent or patents.Photocopies. Authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use under circumstances not fallingwithin the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act is grant

11、ed by ASCE to libraries and other users registered withthe Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the base fee of $4.00 perarticle plus $.50 per page is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. The identification forASCE Books is 0-7844-01

12、38-l/96/$4.00 + $.50 per page. Requests for special permission or bulk copying shouldbe addressed to Permissions nor is it so elementary or so conclusive as to provide a “rule ofthumb“ for nonengineers.Furthermore, material in this series, in distinction from a paper(which expresses only one persons

13、 observations or opinions), is the workof a committee or group selected to assemble and express information ona specific topic. As often as practicable the committee is under the direc-tion of one or more of the Technical Divisions and Councils, and the prod-uct evolved has been subjected to review

14、by the Executive Committee ofthe Division or Council. As a step in the process of this review, proposedmanuscripts are often brought before the members of the TechnicalDivisions and Councils for comment, which may serve as the basis forimprovement. When published, each work shows the names of the co

15、m-mittees by which it was compiled and indicates clearly the severalprocesses through which it has passed in review, in order that its meritmay be definitely understood.In February 1962 (and revised in April, 1982) the Board ofDirection voted to establish:A series entitled Manuals and Reports on Eng

16、ineering Practice,to include the Manuals published and authorized to date, futureManuals of Professional Practice, and Reports on EngineeringPractice. All such Manual or Report material of the Society wouldhave been refereed in a manner approved by the BoardCommittee on Publications and would be bou

17、nd, with applicable dis-cussion, in books similar to past Manuals. Numbering would be con-secutive and would be a continuation of present Manual numbers. Insome cases of reports of joint committees, bypassing of Journal pub-lications may be authorized.# MANUALS AND REPORTS OF ENGINEERING PRACTICE10

18、Technical Procedures for City Surveys13 Filtering Materials for Sewage Treatment Plants14 Accommodation of Utility Plant Within the Rights-of-Way of Urban Streets andHighways31 Design of Cylindrical Concrete Shell Roofs33 Cost Control and Accounting for Civil Engineers34 Definitions of Surveying and

19、 Associated Terms35 A List of Translations of Foreign Literature on Hydraulics36 Wastewater Treatment Plant Design37 Design and Construction of Sanitary and Storm Sewers40 Ground Water Management41 Plastic Design in Steel-A Guide and Commentary42 Design of Structures to Resist Nuclear Weapons Effect

20、s45 Consulting Engineering-A Guide for the Engagement of Engineering Services46 Report on Pipeline Location47 Selected Abstracts on Structural Applications of Plastics49 Urban Planning Guide50 Planning and Design Guidelines for Small Craft Harbors51 Survey of Current Structural Research52 Guide for

21、the Design of Steel Transmission Towers53 Criteria for Maintenance of Multilane Highways54 Sedimentation Engineering55 Guide to Employment Conditions for Civil Engineers57 Management, Operation and Maintenance of Irrigation and Drainage Systems58 Structural Analysis and Design of Nuclear Plant Facil

22、ities59 Computer Pricing Practices60 Gravity Sanitary Sewer Design and Construction62 Existing Sewer Evaluation and Rehabilitation63 Structural Plastics Design Manual64 Manual on Engineering Surveying65 Construction Cost Control66 Structural Plastics Selection Manual67 Wind Tunnel Model Studies of B

23、uildings and Structures68 Aeration-A Wastewater Treatment Process69 Sulfide in Wastewater Collection and Treatment Systems70 Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Water Requirements71 Agricultural Salinity Assessment and Management72 Design of Steel Transmission Structures73 Quality in the Constructed P

24、roject-a Guide for Owners, Designers, andConstructors74 Guidelines for Electrical Transmission Line Structural Loading75 Right-of-Way Surveying76 Design of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants77 Design and Construction of Urban Stormwater Management Systems78 Structural Fire Protection79 Steel Pens

25、tocks80 Ship Channel Design81 Guidelines for Cloud Seeding to Augment Precipitation82 Odor Control in Wastewater Treatment Plants83 Environmental Site Investigation84 Mechanical Connections in Wood Structures85 Quality of Ground Water86 Operation and Maintenance of Ground Water Facilities87 Urban Ru

26、noff Quality Manual88 Management of Water Treatment Plant Residuals89 Pipeline CrossingsACKNOWLEDGMENTSMANAGEMENT GROUP DThis Handbook of Hydrology was prepared under the direction of Management Group D of theAmerican Society of Civil Engineers Technical Activities Committee. The Handbook was initia

27、ted in 1988and was completed in 1995. Membership of Management Group D during this period included thefollowing persons.1988 1989 1990George E. Hecker, Chair Jerry R. Rogers, Chair Conrad G. Keyes, Jr., ChairThomas Lee Jackson George E. Hecker Catalino B. CecilioConrad G. Keyes, Jr. Lloyd A. Held, J

28、r. Wayne B. IngramJerry R. Rogers Wayne B. Ingram Jerry R. RogersFrank Stratton Conrad G. Keyes, Jr. Michael L. StevensJohn R. Wegel Frank Stratton Frank Stratton1991 1992 1993Frank Stratton, Chair Wayne B. Ingram, Chair Catalino B. Cecilio, ChairCatalino B. Cecilio Catalino B. Cecilio Mriganka M. G

29、hoshWayne B. Ingram Kenneth G. Renard Wayne B. IngramConrad G. Keyes, Jr. Michael L. Stevens Kenneth G. RenardMichael L. Stevens Frank Stratton Robert H. WortmanDarell D. Zimbelman Darell D. Zimbelman Darell D. Zimbelman1994 1995Darell D. Zimbelman, Chair Kenneth G. Renard, ChairCatalino B. Cecilio

30、Philip H. BurgiJames E. Dailey James E. DaileyMriganka M. Ghosh Thomas RackfordKenneth G. Renard Robert H. WortmanRobert H. Wortman Darell D. ZimbelmanManagement Group D appointed a Task Committee to prepare the Hydrology Handbook.HYDROLOGY HANDBOOKTASK COMMITTEE MEMBERSThomas P. Wootton, ChairCatal

31、ino B. CecilioLloyd C. FowlerSamuel L. HuiWith overall editing byRichard J. HeggenCHAPTER SUBCOMMITTEE MEMBERSEach of the technical chapters in the Handbook was prepared by a subcommittee under the direction ofthe Task Committee. The membership of each Chapter Subcommittee included the following ind

32、ividuals.Chapter 1, IntroductionLloyd C. FowlerChapter 2, PrecipitationControl Group:Clayton L. Hanson, Chair Marshal J. McFarlandKarl A. Gebhardt James A. SmithGregory L. JohnsonChapter 3, InfiltrationControl Group:Walter J. Rawls, Chair Joseph A. Van MullenDavid Goldman Timothy J. WardReviewers:La

33、jpat R. Ahuja Paul A. DeBarryA. Osman Akan Richard J. HeggenDonald L. Brakensiek George V. SabolChapter 4, Evaporation and TranspirationControl Group:Richard G. Allen, Co-Chair Leo J. FritschenWilliam O. Pruitt, Co-Chair Marvin E. JensenJoost A. Businger Frank H. QuinnChapter 5, Ground WaterControl

34、Group:Lloyd C. Fowler, Chair Clyde S. ConoverNazeer Ahmed Marvin V. DammKeith E. Anderson Donald J. FinlaysonACKNOWLEDGMENTSThomas P. BallesteroRonald K. BlatchleyCarl H. CarpenterReviewers:John F. ClericiCalvin G. ClydePeter KitandisPorter C. KnowlesClark C-K LiuGeorge E. MaddoxJames D. GoffA. Ivan

35、 JohnsonW. Martin RocheStuart T. PyleLou RiethmannJ. Paul RileyRichard J. SchichtClaire WeltyChapter 6, Runoff, Streamflow, Reservoir Yield, and Water QualityControl Group:Anand Prakash, ChairRichard J. HeggenVictor M. PonceReviewer: Rafael G. QuimpoJohn A. ReplogleHenry C. RiggsChapter 7, Snow and

36、SnowmeltControl Group:Douglas D. Speers, ChairGeorge D. AshtonReviewer: David C. GarenDavid M. RockwoodChapter 8, FloodsControl Group:Bi-Huei Wang, ChairMichael L. AndersonGary R. DyhouseVernon K. HagenReviewers:Arlen D. FeldmanJanet C. HerrinKhalid JawedJohn T. RiedelJery R. StedingerDonald M. Thom

37、asChapter 9, Urban HydrologyControl Group:David F. Kibler, ChairA. Osman AkanGert AronReviewers:G. V. LoganathanChristopher B. BurkeMark W. GliddenRichard H. McCuenAndrew J. ReeseHYDROLOGY HANDBOOKChapter 10, Water WavesControl Group:Zeki Demirbilek, Chair Edward F. ThompsonRobert A. Dalrymple J. Ri

38、chard WeggelRobert M. SorensonChapter 11, Hydrologic Study Formulation and AssessmentControl Group:John C. Peters, Chair David FordShawna Anderson Katherine HonPatrick Atchison Richard H. McCuenJohn J. BuckleyThe following individuals participated in a final review of all or portions of this Handboo

39、k.Raymundo Aguirre Kenneth G. RenardCatalino B. Cecilio J. Paul RileyTheodore G. Cleveland James M. Robinson, Jr.Lloyd C. Fowler Jerry R. RogersRichard J. Heggen Valerie SteinmausSamuel L. Hui Jeffry StoneWayne B. Ingram Warren Viessman, Jr.Conrad G. Keyes, Jr. Keh Han WangRong-Heng Kuo Thomas P. Wo

40、ottonCONTENTSAcknowledgmentsConversion to SI Units xxxixChapter 1: Introduction to the New Handbook of Hydrology 1I. Historical Summary 1II. Purpose of the New Handbook 1III. Scope of the New HandbookIV. The Hydrologic Cycle 2Chapter 2: Precipitation 5I. IntroductionII. Formation and Types of Precip

41、itation 5A. Mechanisms 5B. Types of Precipitation 6C. Principal Causes of Precipitation 7III. Variations in Precipitation 9A. Geographic Distribution1. Latitudinal Variations2. Distance from a Moisture Source 113. Orographic Influences 11B. Time Variation 15C. Extreme Precipitation Events 7IV. The M

42、easurement of Precipitation 17A. Uses of Precipitation Measurements 22B. Measurement of Precipitation with Gages 21. Standard Precipitation Gages in the United States 222. Tipping Bucket Recording Precipitation Gages 23. Orifice Diameter for Rain Gages 234. Measurement of Precipitation on Sloping Te

43、rrain 245. Measurement of Rainfall Intensity 5C. Measurement Error with Precipitation Gages 26vHYDROLOGY HANDBOOK1. Wind .,272. Wetting 303. Evaporation 14. Condensation 15. Rainsplash 26. Snow Plugging and Capping 347. Correction of Precipitation Measurements 34D. Direct or In Situ Measurements of

44、Snow 41. Meteorological and Hydrological Snow Measurement 342. Core and Stick Snow Measurements 353. Snow Board and Plate Snow Measurement 364. Core Sampler Snow Measurement 65. Snow Courses for Snow Sampling 366. Snow Pillow Measurement of Snow 7E. Remote Sensing Measurements of Precipitation 381.

45、Photogrammetric Measurement of Snow 82. Terrestrial Gamma Radiation Snow Measurement 383. Estimation of Precipitation with Radar 384. Area-Time Integral for Precipitation Estimation 415. Visible and Infrared Estimation of Precipitation from SatelliteImagery 426. Passive Microwave Snow Measurement 44

46、7. Passive Microwave Measurement of Rainfall 5F. Data Comparability 6V. Processing and Interpreting Precipitation Records 47A. Processing Precipitation Data 471. Personal Observation 72. Chart Recorders 73. Digital Recorders 8B. Station Relocation Considerations 481. Double Mass Curve 48C. Estimatio

47、n of Missing Records 9D. Temporal and Spatial Extrapolation of Precipitation Data 491. Thiessen Method 502. Isohyetal Method 03. Regression 04. Polynomial Interpolation 505. Objective Analysis and Kriging 06. Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) 51VI. Precipitation Frequency Analysis 53A. Rain Gage

48、Data for Frequency Analysis 54B. Frequency Analysis Techniques 4C. Point Precipitation Frequency Analysis 6D. Frequency Analysis for Area-Averaged Precipitation 58E. Storm Hyetographs 58F. New Technologies for Precipitation Frequency Analysis 59VII. Weather Modification 9VIII. Synthetic Weather Gene

49、ration 60CONTENTSIX. References 61X. Glossary 74Chapter 3: Infiltration 5I. Introduction , 75II. Principles of Infiltration 75III. Factors Affecting Infiltration/Rainfall Excess 76A. Soil 771. Soil Physical Properties 77a. Soil Texture 7b. Morphological Properties 7c. Chemical Properties 782. Soil Water Properties 80a. Soil Water Content 0b. Water Retention Characteristic 80c. Hydraulic Conductivity 0B. Surface 811. Cover 12. Configuration 813. Storages 1C. Management 21. Agriculture 32. Irrigation 863. Range