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1、 ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 105Animal WasteContainmentin LagoonsPrepared byThe Animal Waste Containment Committee ofthe Environmental Water Resources Institute (EWRI)of the American Society of Civil EngineersEdited byLakshmi N. Reddi, Ph.D., P.E.Professor and Head of Civil

2、EngineeringKansas State UniversityManhattan, KansasAmerican Societyof Civil EngineersASCELibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataAnimal waste containment in lagoons / edited by Lakshmi Reddi; sponsored by TaskCommittee on Animal Waste Containment.p. cm. (ASCE manuals and reports on enginee

3、ring practice ; no. 105)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-7844-0716-91. Animal waste. 2. Sewage lagoons. I. Reddi, Lakshmi N. II. American Society of CivilEngineers. Task Committee on Animal Waste Containment. III. Series.TD930.2.A54 2003636.0838dc222003063918American Society of C

4、ivil Engineers1801 Alexander Bell DriveReston, Virginia 20191-4400www.pubs.asce.orgThe material presented in this publication has been prepared in accordance with gener-ally recognized engineering principles and practices, and is for general information only.This information should not be used witho

5、ut first securing competent advice with respect toits suitability for any general or specific application.The contents of this publication are not intended to be and should not be construed to bea standard of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and are not intended for useas a reference i

6、n purchase of specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legaldocument.No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or serv-ice constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE.ASCE makes no representation or wa

7、rranty of any kind, whether express or implied,concerning the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, apparatus,product, or process discussed in this publication, and assumes no liability therefore.Anyone utilizing this information assumes all liability arising from such

8、use, includingbut not limited to infringement of any patent or patents.ASCE and American Society of Civil EngineersRegistered in U.S. Patent andTrademark Office.Photocopies: Authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use under cir-cumstances not falling within the fair use provisio

9、ns of the Copyright Act is granted byASCE to libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC)Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the base fee of $25.00 per chapter plus $.50per page is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. The identific

10、a-tion for this book is 0-7844-0716-9/05/$25.00 + $.50 per page. Requests for special permis-sion or bulk copying should be addressed to Permissions nor is it so elementary or so conclusive as to provide a “rule ofthumb“ for nonengineers.Furthermore, material in this series, in distinction from a pa

11、per (whichexpressed only one persons observations or opinions), is the work of acommittee or group selected to assemble and express information on aspecific topic. As often as practicable the committee is under the directionof one or more of the Technical Divisions and Councils, and the productevolv

12、ed has been subjected to review by the Executive Committee of theDivision or Council. As a step in the process of this review, proposedmanuscripts are often brought before the members of the TechnicalDivisions and Councils for comment, which may serve as the basis forimprovement. When published, eac

13、h work shows the names of the com-mittees by which it was compiled and indicates clearly the severalprocesses through which it has passed in review, in order that its meritmay be definitely understood.In February 1962 (and revised in April 1982) the Board of Directionvoted to establish:A series enti

14、tled “Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice,“ toinclude the Manuals published and authorized to date, future Manuals ofProfessional Practice, and Reports on Engineering Practice. All suchManual or Report material of the Society would have been refereed in amanner approved by the Board Committe

15、e on Publications and would bebound, with applicable discussion, in books similar to past Manuals.Numbering would be consecutive and would be a continuation of presentManual numbers. In some cases of reports of joint committees, bypassingof Journal publications may be authorized.MANUALS AND REPORTSO

16、N ENGINEERING PRACTICENo. Title No. Title13 Filtering Materials for SewageTreatment Plants14 Accommodation of Utility PlantWithin the Rights-of-Way of UrbanStreets and Highways35 A List of Translations of ForeignLiterature on Hydraulics40 Ground Water Management41 Plastic Design in Steel: A Guide an

17、dCommentary45 Consulting Engineering: A Guide forthe Engagement of EngineeringServices46 Pipeline Route Selection for Ruraland Cross-Country Pipelines47 Selected Abstracts on StructuralApplications of Plastics49 Urban Planning Guide50 Planning and Design Guidelines forSmall Craft Harbors51 Survey of

18、 Current StructuralResearch52 Guide for the Design of SteelTransmission Towers53 Criteria for Maintenance of MultilaneHighways55 Guide to Employment Conditions forCivil Engineers57 Management, Operation andMaintenance of Irrigation andDrainage Systems59 Computer Pricing Practices60 Gravity Sanitary

19、Sewer Design andConstruction62 Existing Sewer Evaluation andRehabilitation63 Structural Plastics Design Manual64 Manual on Engineering Surveying65 Construction Cost Control66 Structural Plastics Selection Manual67 Wind Tunnel Studies of Buildingsand Structures68 Aeration: A Wastewater TreatmentProce

20、ss69 Sulfide in Wastewater Collection andTreatment Systems70 Evapotranspiration and IrrigationWater Requirements71 Agricultural Salinity Assessment andManagement72 Design of Steel Transmission PoleStructures73 Quality in the Constructed Project: AGuide for Owners, Designers, andConstructors74 Guidel

21、ines for Electrical TransmissionLine Structural Loading76 Design of Municipal WastewaterTreatment Plants77 Design and Construction of UrbanStorm water Management Systems78 Structural Fire Protection79 Steel Penstocks80 Ship Channel Design81 Guidelines for Cloud Seeding toAugment Precipitation82 Odor

22、 Control in WastewaterTreatment Plants83 Environmental Site Investigation84 Mechanical Connections in WoodStructures85 Quality of Ground Water86 Operation and Maintenance ofGround Water Facilities87 Urban Runoff Quality Manual88 Management of Water TreatmentPlant Residuals89 Pipeline Crossings90 Gui

23、de to Structural Optimization91 Design of Guyed ElectricalTransmission Structures92 Manhole Inspection andRehabilitation93 Crane Safety on Construction Sites94 Inland Navigation: Locks, Dams,and Channels95 Urban Subsurface Drainage96 Guide to Improved EarthquakePerformance of Electric PowerSystems97

24、 Hydraulic Modeling: Concepts andPractice98 Conveyance of Residuals fromWater and Wastewater Treatment99 Environmental Site Characterizationand Remediation Design Guidance100 Groundwater Contamination byOrganic Pollutants: Analysis andRemediation101 Underwater Investigations102 Design Guide for FRP

25、CompositeConnections103 Guide to Hiring and RetainingGreat Civil Engineers104 Recommended Practice for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Products forOverhead Utility Line Structures105 Animal Waste Containment inLagoons106 Horizontal Auger Boring ProjectsCONTENTSABOUT THE AUTHORS ixACKNOWLEDGMENTS xLIST OF F

26、IGURES iLIST OF TABLES xv1 INTRODUCTION * Frank Humenik 11.1 Oxidation Pond 11.2 Unaerated Aerobic Lagoons 21.3 Anaerobic Lagoons 21.4 Lagoon Problems 41.4.1 Overflow1.4.2 Leakage 51.4.3 Odor1.5 Lagoon Phase-Out 61.6 Conclusions 82 FATE OF NITROGEN COMPOUNDS IN ANIMALWASTE LAGOONS 4 Alok Bhandari an

27、d Kang Xia 112.1 Nitrogen in Animal Waste Lagoons 122.2 Transformations and Removal 42.2.1 Ammonification 152.2.2 Volatilization 82.2.3 Nitrification 92.2.4 Denitrification 212.2.5 Plant and Microbial Uptake 222.2.6 Deposition 22.2.7 Adsorption 22Vvi CONTENTS2.3 Subsurface Transport 242.4 Conclusion

28、s 53 SEEPAGE AND TRANSPORT THROUGH ANAEROBICLAGOON LINERS + Lakshmi N. Reddi, Hugo Davalos,and Mohan V.S. Vonala 273.1 Experimental Program to Assess Seepage Characteristicsof Southwest Kansas Soils 313.2 Experimental Program to Assess Transport Characteristics ofSouthwest Kansas Soils Subjected to

29、Lagoon Waste 353.3 Transport through Field-Scale Liners 433.4 NH4-N Migration below Liner 443.5 Conclusions 484 CLOGGING OF ANIMAL WASTE LAGOON LINERS:AN OVERVIEW 4 Mohan V.S. Bonala and Lakshmi N. Reddi 534.1 Physical Clogging 554.2 Chemical Clogging 64.3 Biological Clogging 84.4 Ammonium Transport

30、 Simulations Using SWMS-2D 624.4.1 Scenario 1: Hydraulic Conductivity Reductionof the Liner due to Clogging 634.4.2 Scenario 2: Scraping the Top Portion of theLagoon Liner 664.4.3 Scenario 3: Scrape-and-Replace the Top Portion ofthe Lagoon Liner 94.5 Conclusions 735 EVALUATING SEEPAGE LOSSES AND LIN

31、ERPERFORMANCE AT ANIMAL WASTE LAGOONSUSING WATER BALANCE METHODS * Jay M. Ham 755.1 Measuring the Lagoon Water Balance and Seepage Rate 785.2 Measuring Changes in Waste Level 795.3 Estimating Evaporation from Lagoons 835.3.1 Class-A Evaporation Pans 35.3.2 Floating Evaporation Pans 65.3.3 Calculatin

32、g Evaporation Using Meteorological Formulas 875.4 Water Balance Example 925.5 Recommended Approach for Estimating the Seepage Rateand Uncertainty 4CONTENTS vii5.6 Alternative Techniques for Measuring Water Balanceand Seepage 955.7 Evaluating the In-Situ Performance of a Compacted Linerand Chemical E

33、xport 975.8 Conclusions 1006 USE OF COAL COMBUSTION BY-PRODUCTS ASLOW PERMEABILITY LINERS FOR MANURE STORAGEFACILITIES + Tarunjit Butalia, William E, Wolfe, andHarold Walker 1036.1 What are Coal Combustion By-Products? 1036.2 Engineering Characteristics of FGD Materials 1066.3 Full-Scale FGD-Materia

34、l-Lined Test Facility Ill6.3.1 Design of Facility Ill6.3.2 Construction of Facility 1136.3.3 Monitoring of Facility 1206.3.4 Monitoring Observations and Discussion 1216.4 Advantages and Limitations of FGD Liners 1426.5 Conclusions 1437 AIR QUALITY ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH LIVESTOCKPRODUCTION 4 Ronaldo

35、 Maghirang and James P. Murphy. 1457.1 Animal Waste and Air Quality 1467.1.1 Properties and Effects of Manure Gases and Vapors 1487.1.2 Air Pollutant Emissions from Animal WasteContainment Systems 1557.2 Strategies for Air Quality Control 1627.2.1 Waste Treatment Technologies 1637.2.2 Production Str

36、ategies 1707.2.3 Economic Considerations 1757.3 Research and Development Needs 57.4 Conclusions 180REFERENCES 3INDEX 199This page intentionally left blank ABOUT THE AUTHORSLakshmi N. Reddi (editor of this volume and author of Chaps. 3 and 4) isprofessor and head of the Department of Civil Engineerin

37、g at KansasState University in Manhattan, Kan.Alok Bhandari (Chap. 2) is Associate Professor in the Department of CivilEngineering at Kansas State University.Mohan V.S. Bonala (Chaps. 3 and 4) is a transportation engineer with theCalifornia Department of Transportation in Sacramento, Calif.Tarunjit

38、S. Butalia (Chap. 6), is a research scientist in the Department ofCivil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science at The OhioState University in Columbus, Ohio.Hugo Davalos (Chap. 3) is a graduate research assistant in theDepartment of Civil Engineering at Kansas State University.Jay M. Ham

39、 (Chap. 5) is a professor in the Department of Agronomy atKansas State University.Frank Humenik (Chap. 1) is coordinator, Animal Waste ManagementPrograms, College of Agricultural for example, a 0.40-ha oxi-dation pond 1.2 m deep would be required for a 200-head hog operation.Most of the early livest

40、ock lagoons were expected to function as aerobiclagoons, but usually they became anaerobic because loading was too heavy.1.2 UNAERATED AEROBIC LAGOONSEarly recommendations given by Ricketts (1960) and Jedele and Hasen(1960) called for about 1.4 m2 of surface area per hog and a depth of 0.9 to1.5 m.

41、These lagoons were expected to function as municipal unaeratedaerobic lagoons, but because of overloading, they did not.Clark (1964,1965) concluded that lagoons for livestock waste must beaerobic if they are to be satisfactory for the producer and the community,recommending approximately 1 ha of lag

42、oon for each 680 hogs at latitude40 degrees N. However, Muehling (1969) reported that a lagoon wouldnot remain aerobic at this loading rate without some method of restrictingsolids loading. Dale (1969) recommended the volume of an aerobic lagoonfor the midwestern states as 490 ft3 per 100-lb hog on

43、feed. This was deter-mined using a 5-day biochemical oxygen demand loading of 50 kg/ha oflagoon. Dale also concluded that aerobic lagoons must be cleaned afterseveral years and weeds must be kept under control.Unfortunately, the use of unaerated aerobic lagoons for animal waste isgenerally not feasi

44、ble because of the excessive surface area requirements.Hart and Turner (1965) concluded that unaerated aerobic lagoons cannot bepractically used because the high concentration of organics would requireexcessive amounts of dilution water to develop naturally aerobic conditions.Humenik and Overcash (1

45、976) reported that design criteria for unaer-ated aerobic lagoons of 37 to 74 m3 per 45-kg hog did not result in dis-solved oxygen at depths greater than 10 cm below the surface of moni-tored lagoons.1.3 ANAEROBIC LAGOONSLoehr (1968) stated that, in general, the main purpose of anaerobiclagoons is t

46、he removal, destruction, and stabilization of organic matter,not water purification. He concluded that anaerobic lagoons offer consid-erable potential for handling and treating concentrated animal waste, andthat anaerobic lagoons are practical only when used prior to further treat-ment and disposal.

47、INTRODUCTION 3Anaerobic decomposition has become one of the most common treat-ment alternatives for the swine producer. The anaerobic process can pro-duce undesirable odors, but a major benefit is the flexibility to easilydegrade organic material In the initial stage, the waste materials are bio-log

48、ically converted to simpler organic end-products including aldehydesand alcohol but principally fatty organic acids. During the second stagemethane formationthe organic acids are converted by the methane-forming organisms to gaseous end-products, principally methane andcarbon dioxide. Waste stabiliz

49、ation or organic removal is directly propor-tional to the methane produced.Anaerobic lagoons began to be used extensively for swine wastewatertreatment in the mild climate of the southeastern region of the UnitedStates around 1965. Discharge from these lagoons was no longer allowedas a result of federal legislation passed in 1972. Therefore, lagoon systemswere modified to meet this no-discharge criteria, which consisted of alagoon and land irrigation of lagoon liquid at fertilizer rates for nitrogen.These la