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1、 ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No.UnderwaternvestigationsStandard Practice ManualEdited byKenneth M.Childs Jr., ChairSponsored by theCoasts, Oceans, Ports, and Rivers Instituteof the American Society of Civil EngineersPublished byff ff American SocietygJy%yS of Civil Engineers1801

2、 Alexander Bell DriveReston, Virginia 20191 -4400101IAbstract: This manual provides guidance to the requestor and provider of underwater struc-tural inspection services. Guidelines representing the standard of practice in the industry arepresented for various inspection types, with the inspection ty

3、pes tailored to specific inspec-tion objectives. The scope of work is defined for each inspection type, and guidelines are pro-vided for the inspection of unique underwater structure types. References are provided forobtaining in-depth information on the structure types and defect types commonly fou

4、ndunderwater.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataUnderwater investigations standard practice manual / edited by Kenneth M. Childs, Jr.;sponsored by Ports and Harbors Task Committee on Underwater Investigation Coasts,Oceans, Ports and Rivers Institute.p. cm.(ASCE manuals and reports on

5、engineering practice; no. 101)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-7844-0545-X1. Offshore structuresInspectionHandbooks, manuals, etc. I. Childs, Kenneth M.II. American Society of Civil Engineers. Ports and Harbors Task Committee on UnderwaterInvestigation. III. Coasts, Oceans, Ports

6、 and Rivers Institute (American Society of CivilEngineers). IV. Series.TC1665.U53 2001627.980287dc21 00-054309The material presented in this publication has been prepared in accordance with gener-ally recognized engineering principles and practices, and is for general information only.This informati

7、on should not be used without first securing competent advice with respect toits suitability for any general or specific application.The contents of this publication are not intended to be and should not be construed to bea standard of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and are not inten

8、ded for use asa reference in purchase of specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legaldocument.No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or serviceconstitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE.ASCE make

9、s no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, con-cerning the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, apparatus,product, or process discussed in this publication, and assumes no liability therefore.Anyone utilizing this information assumes all l

10、iability arising from such use, includingbut not limited to infringement of any patent or patents.Photocopies: Authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use under circum-stances not falling within the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act is granted by ASCE tolibraries and othe

11、r users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transac-tional Reporting Service, provided that the base fee of $8.00 per chapter plus $.50 per page ispaid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. The identification for ASCEBooks is 0-7844-0545-X/01/$8.00 + $.50 per page.

12、 Requests for special permission or bulkcopying should be addressed to Permissions nor is it so elementary or so conclusive as to provide a “rule ofthumb“ for nonengineers.Furthermore, material in this series, in distinction from a paper (whichexpresses only one persons observations or opinions), is

13、 the work of acommittee or group selected to assemble and express information on aspecific topic. As often as practicable the committee is under the directionof one or more of the Technical Divisions and Councils, and the productevolved has been subjected to review by the Executive Committee of theD

14、ivision or Council. As a step in the process of this review, proposedmanuscripts are often brought before the members of the Technical Divi-sions and Councils for comment, which may serve as the basis forimprovement. When published, each work shows the names of the com-mittees by which it was compil

15、ed and indicates clearly the several pro-cesses through which it has passed in review, in order that its merit may bedefinitely understood.In February 1962 (and revised in April 1982) the Board of Directionvoted to establish:A series entitled “Manuals and Reports on Engineering Prac-tice,“ to includ

16、e the Manuals published and authorized to date,future Manuals of Professional Practice, and Reports on Engi-neering Practice. All such Manual or Report material of theSociety would have been refereed in a manner approved by theBoard Committee on Publications and would be bound, withapplicable discus

17、sion, in books similar to past Manuals. Num-bering would be consecutive and would be a continuation ofpresent Manual numbers. In some cases of reports of joint com-mittees, bypassing of Journal publications may be authorized.MANUALS AND REPORTSOF ENGINEERING PRACTICENo. Title No. Title13 Filtering M

18、aterials for SewageTreatment Plants14 Accommodation of Utility PlantWithin the Rights-of-Way of UrbanStreets and Highways35 A List of Translations of ForeignLiterature on Hydraulics40 Ground Water Management41 Plastic Design in Steel: A Guide andCommentary45 Consulting Engineering: A Guide forthe En

19、gagement of EngineeringServices46 Pipeline Route Selection for Rural andCross-Country Pipelines47 Selected Abstracts on StructuralApplications of Plastics49 Urban Planning Guide50 Planning and Design Guidelines forSmall Craft Harbors51 Survey of Current Structural Research52 Guide for the Design of

20、SteelTransmission Towers53 Criteria for Maintenance of MultilaneHighways55 Guide to Employment Conditions forCivil Engineers57 Management, Operation andMaintenance of Irrigation andDrainage Systems59 Computer Pricing Practices60 Gravity Sanitary Sewer Design andConstruction62 Existing Sewer Evaluati

21、on andRehabilitation63 Structural Plastics Design Manual64 Manual on Engineering Surveying65 Construction Cost Control66 Structural Plastics Selection Manual67 Wind Tunnel Studies of Buildingsand Structures68 Aeration: A Wastewater TreatmentProcess69 Sulfide in Wastewater Collection andTreatment Sys

22、tems70 Evapotranspiration and IrrigationWater Requirements71 Agricultural Salinity Assessment andManagement72 Design of Steel Transmission PoleStructures73 Quality in the Constructed Project: AGuide for Owners, Designers, andConstructors74 Guidelines for Electrical TransmissionLine Structural Loadin

23、g76 Design of Municipal WastewaterTreatment Plants77 Design and Construction of UrbanStormwater Management Systems78 Structural Fire Protection79 Steel Penstocks80 Ship Channel Design81 Guidelines for Cloud Seeding toAugment Precipitation82 Odor Control in WastewaterTreatment Plants83 Environmental

24、Site Investigation84 Mechanical Connections in WoodStructures85 Quality of Ground Water86 Operation and Maintenance ofGround Water Facilities87 Urban Runoff Quality Manual88 Management of Water TreatmentPlant Residuals89 Pipeline Crossings90 Guide to Structural Optimization91 Design of Guyed Electri

25、calTransmission Structures92 Manhole Inspection andRehabilitation93 Crane Safety on Construction Sites94 Inland Navigation: Locks, Dams, andChannels95 Urban Subsurface Drainage96 Guide to Improved EarthquakePerformance of Electric PowerSystems97 Hydraulic Modeling: Concepts andPractice98 Conveyance

26、of Residuals from Waterand Wastewater Treatment99 Environmental Site Characterizationand Remediation Design Guidance100 Groundwater Contamination byOrganic Pollutants: Analysis andRemediationTABLE OF CONTENTSCONTRIBUTING AUTHORS viiReviewers vii1 INTRODUCTION 11.1 Intent of the Manual1.2 Importance

27、of Inspections 21.3 Limits of Inspections 31.4 Organization 42 STANDARDS OF PRACTICE 52.1 Type and Frequency of Inspections 52.2 Choosing the Proper Inspection Type 152.3 Minimum Qualifications of Inspection Personnel 152.4 Rating and Prioritization 192.5 Recommended Action Guidelines 223 SCOPE OF I

28、NSPECTION WORK 53.1 General 253.2 New Construction Inspections 273.3 Baseline Inspections 303.4 Routine Inspections 13.5 Repair Design Inspections 83.6 Special Inspections 403.7 Repair Construction Inspections 413.8 Post-Event Inspections 24 DOCUMENTATION AND REPORTING 454.1 General 454.2 Routine In

29、spection Report 454.3 Documentation 75 ADMINISTRATIVE CONSIDERATIONS 495.1 Agreements 495.2 Insurance 50Vvi UNDERWATER INVESTIGATIONSAPPENDIX A SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR SPECIFICSTRUCTURE TYPES AND SYSTEMS 53A.I Bridges 53A.2 Open-Piled Structures 58A.3 Gravity and Retaining Structures 60A.4 Marina

30、s 65A.5 Hydraulic Structures 69A.6 Pipelines and Conduits 72A.7 Dry Docks 74A.8 Locks and Gates 8A.9 Floating Structures 80A.10 Breakwaters 3A.ll Tower Bases 6A.12 Moorings and Anchors 87A.13 Tanks and Storage Facilities 91A.14 Cathodic Protection Systems 3APPENDIX B TYPES AND CAUSES OF DEFECTS ANDD

31、ETERIORATION 99B.I Concrete Structures 9B.2 Steel Structures 106B.3 Wooden Structures 1llB.4 Masonry Structures 115B.5 Composite Structural Components 116B.6 Undermining and Scour 117APPENDIX C BIBLIOGRAPHY 119APPENDIX D GLOSSARY 123INDEX 135CONTRIBUTING AUTHORSWilliam J. Castle, P.E.Thomas J. Colli

32、ns, P.E., F. ASCE*Christopher Crilley, P.E.Martin L. Eskijian, P.E.Chuck Garrison, P.E.Ronald E. Heffron, P.E.*Mathew Martinez, P.E.Terri Regin, P.E.Benny Skalmstad, P.Eng.*Shelley D. Sommerfeld, P.E.*Thomas E. Spencer, P.E.*Erling B. Vegsund, AFF*Patrick D. Veteto, P.E.Stanley M. White, P.E.*REVIEW

33、ERSG.T. Barford, P.Eng.Al Blaylock, P.E.Angus BorlandValery Buslov, Ph.D., P.E.R. David Curfman, P.E.John C. Daley, P.E.Tyler C. Dunn, P.E.Frank Kudrna, P.E.David Robinson, P.E.Dan Stromberg, P.E.Alexander VianaPhilip Vitale, Ph.D., P.E.Harold Weinberg, P.E.*Member of the Editorial CommitteeVIIIn me

34、mory of Chris CrilleyApril 30,1959-September 30,2000Chapter 1INTRODUCTION1.1 INTENT OF THE MANUALThe intent of this manual is to provide guidelines and methods for con-ducting underwater engineering assessments of underwater componentsof existing waterfront facilities constructed of materials such a

35、s concrete,masonry, metals, composites, and wood and located in near-shore, water-front, and inland locations exposed to freshwater or saltwater. It includes,but is not limited to, bridges, dams, discharge and intake structures, locks,port and harbor structures, waterfront and waterway structures, p

36、ipelinesand tunnels, and other structures that are located in, store, or transportwater. For convenience, in this manual, the term waterfront structures isused to refer to any of the types of structures listed here, where it is appro-priate and not specifically limited. Offshore structures and nucle

37、ar facili-ties are beyond the scope of this manual.A structural inspection and condition assessment of a waterfront facil-ity can be undertaken for one or more purposes. They can include deter-mining the existing or baseline condition, recommending and prioritizingmaintenance and repair actions, det

38、ermining the suitability and service-ability for specific uses and loads, ensuring life safety, improving durabil-ity, enabling historic preservation, establishing a baseline condition forchange of ownership or legal purposes, or many other special purposes onthe basis of the specific structure and

39、its current or proposed function.This manual presents guidelines for assessment procedures, includinginspection, investigation, evaluation and testing methods, and a generalformat for an assessment report. Specific inspection techniques arebeyond the scope of this manual because it is presumed that

40、inspectionpersonnel will possess the requisite knowledge based on their qualifica-tions. Because any condition assessment will require “engineering judg-ment“ and contain factors that cannot be readily defined and standard-12 UNDERWATER INVESTIGATIONSized, this manual is intended as a guide to be us

41、ed by the professionalengineer as part of an underwater structural condition assessment of anexisting facility. The adoption or use of some or all of the recommenda-tions contained in this manual by personnel not experienced or qualifiedin the appropriate areas of waterfront structures is not an acc

42、eptable sub-stitute for the use of qualified professional engineering services.The scope of this manual is limited to the engineering and technicalrequirements for conducting underwater facility assessments. Diving andrelated safety issues may be significant factors in conducting the assess-ments, b

43、ut they are not covered within the scope of this manual. However,the very nature of the work, in addition to requiring technical competence,also requires proper training and preparation. This training is necessary tooffset the inherent special hazards and to allow the safe operation of spe-cial unde

44、rwater equipment and techniques, breathing apparatus, and spe-cial suits. Such special hazards may include differential pressures; high-velocity water flow; zero-visibility conditions; underwater entanglementhazards; confined space entries; equipment tag-out and lock-out proce-dures; penetration div

45、ing; contaminated water diving; and diving-relatedsicknesses and injuries such as embolisms, the bends, nitrogen narcosis,and physical exhaustion. It is therefore imperative that applicable safetyand training requirements be adhered to in conducting such work.1.2 IMPORTANCE OF INSPECTIONSUnderwater

46、inspections are a necessary part of effective structuremaintenance and management programs. They play an important part inprotecting the public, providing reliable service, and reducing mainte-nance and construction costs. Structural conditions above water thatcould lead to failure, loss of life, or

47、 property damage are often observed byengineers, maintenance workers, and sometimes passing motorists. Simi-lar structural conditions underwater are almost never observed by thesesame groups until the distress has progressed to the point that damage isevident above water. Failures of bridges due to

48、underwater causes haveled to requirements for periodic underwater inspections of bridges in theUnited States. Other public and private organizations have also adoptedsimilar policies.Underwater inspections can play an important part in structure main-tenance programs. All structures deteriorate and

49、are subject to environ-mental and external physical forces. Although individual materials havediffering mechanisms of deterioration, the environment at the waterline,with moderate temperatures, moisture, oxygen, and chlorides or otherchemicals, is conducive to most forms of deterioration. This distress maynot be recognizable from above water, nor can the extent and severity beINTRODUCTION 3determined in most cases. An engineer cannot fully define the extent ofdistress or design an appropriate repair wit