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1、 ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 100Ground waterContamination byOrganic PollutantsAnalysis and RemediationEdited byJagathJ. KaluarachchiSponsored byGroundwater Quality CommitteeEnvironmental and Water Resources Institute (EWRI)Published byAmerican Societyof Civil Engineers1801 A

2、lexander Bell DriveReston, Virginia 20191 -4400JlSCEAbstract: Groundwater contamination by organic pollutants has become an important topicsince the early 1980s due to detection of large-scale contamination events. Since that time,substantial research efforts have been focused on developing new and

3、innovative technolo-gies and management approaches to clean up organic-contaminated sites. With the develop-ment of new and effective technologies, current research efforts are now more focused onrisk assessment and management at contaminated sites, and remediation in complex geolog-ical environment

4、s. Although research, technology transfer, and public education have beenactive links of the overall effort, still there is limited technology transfer and understandingof common remediation technologies and corresponding analysis among practitioners andmanagers. The goal of this monograph is to pro

5、vide some insight into the remediation tech-nologies associated with the saturated subsurface and corresponding analysis. It is intendedto improve the understanding of both existing practitioners and beginning engineers, geolo-gists, water chemists, and biologists.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-P

6、ublication DataGroundwater contamination by organic pollutants : analysis and remediation / edited byJagath J. Kaluarachchi.p. cm.(ASCE manuals and reports on engineering practice; no. 100)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-7844-0527-11. Organic water pollutantsAnalysis. 2. Groundw

7、aterPollution. 3. GroundwaterPurification. I. Kaluarachchi, Jagath J. II. Series.TD427.O7 G76 2000628.1/68dc21 00-063966The material presented in this publication has been prepared in accordance with gener-ally recognized engineering principles and practices, and is for general information only.This

8、 information should not be used without first securing competent advice with respect toits suitability for any general or specific application.The contents of this publication are not intended to be and should not be construed to bea standard of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and are

9、 not intended for use asa reference in purchase of specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legaldocument.No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or serviceconstitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE

10、.ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, con-cerning the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, apparatus,product, or process discussed in this publication, and assumes no liability therefore.Anyone utilizing this information ass

11、umes all liability arising from such use, includingbut not limited to infringement of any patent or patents.Photocopies: Authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use under circum-stances not falling within the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act is granted by ASCE tolibrarie

12、s and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transac-tional Reporting Service, provided that the base fee of $8.00 per chapter plus $.50 per page ispaid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. The identification for ASCEBooks is 0-7844-0527-1 /01/$8.00 + $.5

13、0 per page. Requests for special permission or bulkcopying should be addressed to Permissions nor is it so elementary or so conclusive as to provide a “rule ofthumb“ for nonengineers.Furthermore, material in this series, in distinction from a paper (whichexpresses only one persons observations or op

14、inions), is the work of acommittee or group selected to assemble and express information on aspecific topic. As often as practicable the committee is under the directionof one or more of the Technical Divisions and Councils, and the productevolved has been subjected to review by the Executive Commit

15、tee of theDivision or Council. As a step in the process of this review, proposedmanuscripts are often brought before the members of the Technical Divi-sions and Councils for comment, which may serve as the basis forimprovement. When published, each work shows the names of the com-mittees by which it

16、 was compiled and indicates clearly the several pro-cesses through which it has passed in review, in order that its merit may bedefinitely understood.In February 1962 (and revised in April 1982) the Board of Directionvoted to establish:A series entitled “Manuals and Reports on Engineering Prac-tice,

17、“ to include the Manuals published and authorized to date,future Manuals of Professional Practice, and Reports on Engi-neering Practice. All such Manual or Report material of theSociety would have been refereed in a manner approved by theBoard Committee on Publications and would be bound, withapplic

18、able discussion, in books similar to past Manuals. Num-bering would be consecutive and would be a continuation ofpresent Manual numbers. In some cases of reports of joint com-mittees, bypassing of Journal publications may be authorized.MANUALS AND REPORTSOF ENGINEERING PRACTICENo. Title No. Title13

19、Filtering Materials for SewageTreatment Plants14 Accommodation of Utility PlantWithin the Rights-of-Way of UrbanStreets and Highways35 A List of Translations of ForeignLiterature on Hydraulics40 Ground Water Management41 Plastic Design in Steel: A Guide andCommentary45 Consulting Engineering: A Guid

20、e forthe Engagement of EngineeringServices46 Pipeline Route Selection for Rural andCross-Country Pipelines47 Selected Abstracts on StructuralApplications of Plastics49 Urban Planning Guide50 Planning and Design Guidelines forSmall Craft Harbors51 Survey of Current Structural Research52 Guide for the

21、 Design of SteelTransmission Towers53 Criteria for Maintenance of MultilaneHighways55 Guide to Employment Conditions forCivil Engineers57 Management, Operation andMaintenance of Irrigation andDrainage Systems59 Computer Pricing Practices60 Gravity Sanitary Sewer Design andConstruction62 Existing Sew

22、er Evaluation andRehabilitation63 Structural Plastics Design Manual64 Manual on Engineering Surveying65 Construction Cost Control66 Structural Plastics Selection Manual67 Wind Tunnel Studies of Buildingsand Structures68 Aeration: A Wastewater TreatmentProcess69 Sulfide in Wastewater Collection andTr

23、eatment Systems70 Evapotranspiration and IrrigationWater Requirements71 Agricultural Salinity Assessment andManagement72 Design of Steel Transmission PoleStructures73 Quality in the Constructed Project: AGuide for Owners, Designers, andConstructors74 Guidelines for Electrical TransmissionLine Struct

24、ural Loading76 Design of Municipal WastewaterTreatment Plants77 Design and Construction of UrbanStormwater Management Systems78 Structural Fire Protection79 Steel Penstocks80 Ship Channel Design81 Guidelines for Cloud Seeding toAugment Precipitation82 Odor Control in WastewaterTreatment Plants83 Env

25、ironmental Site Investigation84 Mechanical Connections in WoodStructures85 Quality of Ground Water86 Operation and Maintenance ofGround Water Facilities87 Urban Runoff Quality Manual88 Management of Water TreatmentPlant Residuals89 Pipeline Crossings90 Guide to Structural Optimization91 Design of Gu

26、yed ElectricalTransmission Structures92 Manhole Inspection andRehabilitation93 Crane Safety on Construction Sites94 Inland Navigation: Locks, Dams, andChannels95 Urban Subsurface Drainage96 Guide to Improved EarthquakePerformance of Electric PowerSystems97 Hydraulic Modeling: Concepts andPractice98

27、Conveyance of Residuals from Waterand Wastewater Treatment99 Environmental Site Characterizationand Remediation Design Guidance100 Ground water Contamination byOrganic Pollutants: Analysis andRemediationTABLE OF CONTENTSCONTRIBUTING AUTHORS viiiFOREWORD ix1 MODELS FOR DESCRIBING MULTIPHASE FLOW AND

28、TRANSPORTOF CONTAMINANTS 1Zafar Adeel, James W. Mercer, and Charles R. Faust1.1 Overview1.2 Physico-Chemical Factors Affecting NAPL Mobility 31.3 Modeling of Multiphase Movement 131.4 Available Computational Models 41.5 Multiphase Models for Remediation Technologies 191.6 General Limitations of Mult

29、iphase Models 231.7 Case Histories 251.8 References 322 A SCREENING APPROACH TO SIMULATION OF AQUIFERCONTAMINATION BY FUEL HYDROCARBONS(BTEX AND MTBE) 41James W. Weaver and Randall J. Charbeneau2.1 Introduction 22.2 The Hydrocarbon Spill Screening Model 422.3 Data Sets 532.4 Application of HSSM to a

30、 Field Site 582.5 Nature of the Hagerman Avenue Plumes 582.6 Analysis of Data from Hagerman Avenue 612.7 Simulation of Hagerman Avenue 682.8 Conclusions 742.9 Acknowledgments 52.10 References 5Vvi GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION BY ORGANIC POLLUTANTS3 PUMP-AND-TREAT FOR REMEDIATION AND PLUMECONTAINMENT: A

31、PPLICATIONS, LIMITATIONS, ANDRELEVANT PROCESSES 79Tissa H. Illangasekare and Danny D. Reible3.1 Introduction 803.2 Case Studies 23.3 NAPL Entrapment and Contaminant Processes duringPump-and-Treat 943.4 Experimental Demonstration of Dissolution under Residual andMacroscale Entrapment Ill3.5 Summary a

32、nd Conclusions 1153.6 Acknowledgments 1173.7 References 1174 NATURAL BIOATTENUATION OF ANAEROBIC HYDROCARBONSAND CHLORINATED SOLVENTS IN GROUNDWATER 121Robert C. Borden4.1 Introduction 1214.2 Processes Controlling Contaminant Distribution, Transport, andAttenuation in the Subsurface 1224.3 Biotransf

33、ormation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons andRelated Compounds 1244.4 Bio tic and Abiotic Transformation of Chlorinated AliphaticHydrocarbons 1334.5 Assessment of Natural Attenuation 1404.6 Mathematical Models of Natural Attenuation 1424.7 Future Research 1444.8 References 55 STEAM FLOODING FOR ENVIRONMENT

34、AL REMEDIATION 153Ronald W. Falta5.1 Introduction 1535.2 Thermophysical Aspects of Steam Remediation 1565.3 Numerical Modeling of Steam Injection for Remediation 1685.4 Field Studies 1815.5 Summary and Conclusion 1895.6 References 96 AIR SPARGING TECHNOLOGY: THEORY AND MODELING OFREMEDIAL DESIGN SYS

35、TEMS 193Cris B. Liban6.1 Introduction 1946.2 Background 46.3 Air Flow Modeling 2016.4 Air Sparging Screening Tools 2056.5 Bioventing 2076.6 Vertical Pipe Modeling 2076.7 Horizontal Pipe Modeling 219CONTENTS vii6.8 Pulsed Air Flow 2206.9 Air Sparging and Biosparging 2216.10 Summary 36.11 References 2

36、26INDEX 233CONTRIBUTING AUTHORSZafar AdeelEnvironment and SustainableDevelopmentThe United Nations University53-70 Jingumae, 5-ChomeShibuya-ku, Tokyo 150JapanRobert C. BordenDepartment of Civil EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC 27695Randall J. CharbeneauCenter for Research in Wat

37、erResourcesThe University of Texas at AustinAustin, TX 78712Ronald W. FaltaGeological Sciences andEnvironmental Engineeringand Science DepartmentsClemson UniversityClemson, SC 29634-0976Charles R. FaustHIS Geo Trans, Inc.46050 Manekin Plaza, Suite 100Sterling, VA 20166Tissa H. IllangasekareEnvironme

38、ntal Science andEngineeringColorado School of MinesGolden, CO 80401-1887Cris B. LibanThermoRetec ConsultingCorporation1250 E. 223rd Street, Suite 114Carson, CA 90745James W. MercerHIS Geo Trans, Inc.46050 Manekin Plaza, Suite 100Sterling, VA 20166Danny D. ReibleHazardous Waste Research CenterLouisia

39、na State UniversityBaton Rouge, LA 70803James W. WeaverEcosystems Research DivisionNational Exposure ResearchLaboratoryU.S. Environmental ProtectionAgencyAthens, GA 30605VIIIFOREWORDGroundwater contamination due to organic contaminants is a commonoccurrence in the United States and elsewhere. The de

40、tection of large-scalegroundwater contamination in the United States in the early to mid-1970sbrought about the implementation of two important federal acts: theResources Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) and the Com-prehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of198

41、0 (CERCLA, or Superfund). With the initiation of these acts, researchrelated to soil and groundwater remediation accelerated and opened thepublic debate on health hazards caused by contaminated drinking water.The detailed investigation of early contaminated groundwater sitesrevealed that hazardous o

42、rganic contaminants ranging from gasoline tochlorinated solvents were responsible for these widespread environmentalproblems. It was also found that these contaminants entered the valuabledrinking water aquifers due to leaks and spills of underground storagetanks and pipelines as well as unauthorize

43、d disposal of hazardous wastes.When large-scale groundwater contamination was first detected, reme-diation technologies were almost nonexistent, except pump-and-treattechnology. Therefore, great emphasis was placed by federal, state, andprivate agencies on developing innovative technologies to treat

44、 contami-nated groundwater so that health risks would be minimized and drinkingwater sources preserved. However, early progress in remediation technol-ogies was slow because of the lack of understanding of the physical,chemical, and biological processes that control the fate and transport oforganic

45、contaminants in the subsurface as well as the complexity of thechemicals themselves. The processes controlling the environmental fate oforganic chemicals in the vadose zone are different from those in the satu-rated zone. Similarly, different organic chemicalsranging from hydro-carbons to dense solv

46、entsreact differently to subsurface conditions.Even in the presence of these difficulties and other limitations, such assubsurface heterogeneity, researchers have developed many innovativetechnologies to remediate aquifers contaminated with hazardous waste.ixx GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION BY ORGANIC PO

47、LLUTANTSThis monograph highlights some of the important remediation technol-ogies used in the remediation of contaminated aquifers and their associ-ated analysis. Chapter 1 presents models of multiphase flow systems thatare commonly observed in organic-contaminated aquifers. It discusses pre-vious m

48、odeling work to predict flow and transport in multiphase systemsand currently available modeling software for remediation purposes.Chapter 2 deals with a simple screening model available for the flow andtransport of fuel hydrocarbons in aquifers that can be readily used withminimal data. It also dis

49、cusses a field application to describe the applicabil-ity of the model in actual scenarios. Chapter 3 discusses the most popularand oldest remediation technology: pump-and-treat. Although the tech-nology has been known for decades, the limitations of this approach com-pared with more innovative technologies became known only in recentyears. The focus is on these limitations and how they should be consideredin implementing the technology. Chapter 4 deals with one of the mostpromising and cost-effective techno