ANSI T 826 OM-2008 Short span compressive strength of containerboard.pdf

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1、TAPPI/ANSI T 826 om-13 PROVISIONAL METHOD 1986 REVISED 1992 OFFICIAL METHOD 2004 REVISED 2008 REAFFIRMED 2013 2013 TAPPI The information and data contained in this document were prepared by a technical committee of the Association. The committee and the Association assume no liability or responsibil

2、ity in connection with the use of such information or data, including but not limited to any liability under patent, copyright, or trade secret laws. The user is responsible for determining that this document is the most recent edition published. Approved by the Standard Specific Interest Group for

3、this Test Method TAPPI CAUTION: This Test Method may include safety precautions which are believed to be appropriate at the time of publication of the method. The intent of these is to alert the user of the method to safety issues related to such use. The user is responsible for determining that the

4、 safety precautions are complete and are appropriate to their use of the method, and for ensuring that suitable safety practices have not changed since publication of the method. This method may require the use, disposal, or both, of chemicals which may present serious health hazards to humans. Proc

5、edures for the handling of such substances are set forth on Material Safety Data Sheets which must be developed by all manufacturers and importers of potentially hazardous chemicals and maintained by all distributors of potentially hazardous chemicals. Prior to the use of this method, the user must

6、determine whether any of the chemicals to be used or disposed of are potentially hazardous and, if so, must follow strictly the procedures specified by both the manufacturer, as well as local, state, and federal authorities for safe use and disposal of these chemicals. Short span compressive strengt

7、h of containerboard 1. Scope 1.1 This method describes a procedure for determining the compressive resistance of containerboard. 1.2 This method is intended for containerboard having a span-to-thickness ratio of 5 or less. This is equivalent to a grammage of between approximately 100 g/m2(20 lb/1000

8、 ft2) (1) and 440 g/m2(90 lb/1000 ft2). 2. Significance The edgewise compressive strength of corrugated board is one of the most important properties governing the compressive strength of corrugated containers. Research has shown that the cross directional short span compressive strengths of linerbo

9、ard and medium can be used to predict the compressive strength of corrugated board and, hence, the box compressive strength (1-3). For example, summations of the compressive strengths of the components correlate very well with the combined board edgewise compressive strength. 3. Summary A test speci

10、men, 15 mm wide (0.59 in.), is held between two clamps, 0.70 mm (0.028 in.) apart. The clamps are forced towards each other until a compressive failure occurs. The maximum force causing failure is measured. 4. Apparatus 4.1 Compression tester, having the following: 4.1.1 Two clamps for holding a tes

11、t specimen 15 mm (0.59 in.) wide (Fig. 1). Each clamp has a stationary and a movable jaw. The clamps shall be 30 mm (1.18 in.) deep and have a surface of high friction, for example, a sand-blasted surface. The clamps shall grip the test specimen firmly over its full width. The stationary jaws shall

12、be on the same side of the test specimen. The clamping surfaces of the movable jaws shall be in the same plane and parallel to those of the stationary jaws (see Appendix A). T 826 om-13 Short span compressive strength of containerboard / 2 Fig. 1. Clamping arrangement all measurements in mm (4). 4.1

13、.2 The clamps shall be able to grip the test specimen with a constant clamping force of 2300 500 N (517 112 lb). A means for indicating the relative force exerted by the clamps shall be available. 4.1.3 At the start of the test, the free span between the clamps shall be 0.70 0.05 mm (0.028 0.02 in.)

14、. After the test is started, the clamps shall move toward each other at a speed of 3 1 mm/min (0.12 0.04 in./min), the deformation of the load cell being considered. 4.1.4 A means for measuring and indicating the maximum load sustained by the specimen which can accurately be checked with dead weight

15、 loads or equivalent means. The accuracy required is 1% of the test reading when this is within 10 - 100% of the full scale range. 4.2 Cutting device, capable of accurately cutting the specimen to a width of 15 0.1 mm (0.59 0.004 in.) and a convenient length, usually about 150 mm (6 in.). A precisio

16、n die-type cutter is preferred. 5. Sampling and test specimens 5.1 From each test unit obtained in accordance with TAPPI T 400 “Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot of Paper, Paperboard, Containerboard, or Related Product.” Precondition and condition in an atmosphere according to TAPPI T 402 “Standar

17、d Conditioning and Testing Atmospheres for Paper, Board, Pulp Handsheets and Related Products” and carefully cut specimens in the form of strips at least 70 mm (2.8 in.) in length and with a width of 15 0.1 mm (0.59 0.004 in.). Cut the specimen so that the long direction is parallel to the cross-mac

18、hine direction, (CD). (Although cross direction (CD) measurements are the basis for edge crush and box compression predictive formulas, machine direction (MD) measurements can also be taken using the same method). In cutting the specimens take care to ensure that: 5.1.1 Handling the specimen in the

19、test area with bare fingers is to be avoided because compressive strength tests are sensitive to the moisture content of the containerboard under test. 5.1.2 The long edges are parallel to each other, such that the widths at opposite ends are within 0.1 mm (0.004 in.) of each other. 5.1.3 The long e

20、dges are parallel to the cross direction and do not deviate more than 1.6 mm (0.063 in.) from the true cross direction. 5.1.4 The edges are cleanly cut, without tears or frays. 6. Procedure 6.1 Test the specimens in an atmosphere in accordance with TAPPI T 402 “Standard Conditioning and Testing Atmo

21、spheres for Paper, Board, Pulp Handsheets, and Related Products.” 6.2 Select the program for the grade to be tested if this feature is available and follow the prompts. 6.3 Insert the test specimen in the machine and actuate the clamps so that the prescribed pressure is applied and there is minimal

22、slippage. Avoid handling the specimen in the test area with bare fingers because compressive strength tests are sensitive to the moisture content of the containerboard under test. 6.4 Operate the machine to apply a compressive load to the specimen and record the maximum compressive load. 6.5 Multipl

23、e tests can be run on each strip but do not test any area of the strip that has been compressed by the clamping jaws. 6.6 A minimum of 10 tests should be run. 3 / Short span compressive strength of containerboard T 826 om-13 7. Report 7.1 Report the CD test results (each an average of 10 determinati

24、ons of maximum compressive force per unit area width) in kilonewtons per meter (or in pounds force per inch) to three significant figures. NOTE 1: Results in kilonewtons per meter may be converted to pounds force per inch by dividing by 0.17513. 7.2 Report the standard deviation of the CD compressiv

25、e loads. 7.3 Include, for a complete report, the number of determinations. 8. Precision 8.1 Repeatability (within a laboratory) = 6.5%. 8.2 Reproducibility (between laboratories) = 14%. 8.3 Repeatability and reproducibility are estimates of the maximum difference (at 95% confidence) that should be e

26、xpected when comparing test results for materials similar to those described below under similar test conditions. These estimates may not be valid for different materials and testing conditions. 8.4 These estimates of repeatability and reproducibility listed above are based on data from the CTS Cont

27、ainerboard Interlaboratory Programs from testing conducted in 2007 and 2008. The data included 11 rounds of testing on 4 grades of containerboard as shown in the chart below. The precision estimates are based on 20 determinations per test result (this method defines the result as average of 10 deter

28、minations) and 1 test result per lab for each round of testing with an average of between 9 and 40 laboratories reporting for each round and grade. Only laboratories that reported performing the testing in accordance with this method and using adhering standard conditioning atmospheres were included

29、 in the calculations. Table 1. Data table Material Mean Repeatability r and %r Reproducibility R and %R Labs Included 26lb medium 14.4 0.91 6.3 % 1.32 9.1 % 9 36lb linerboard 21.0 1.42 6.8 % 3.12 14.8 % 39 42lb linerboard 24.6 1.79 7.3 % 3.60 14.6 % 39 42lb linerboard 27.5 1.60 5.8 % 4.47 16.2 % 39

30、69lb linerboard 39.0 2.26 5.8 % 4.61 11.8 % 36 Results listed in pounds force per inch. 9. Keywords Containerboards, Compression strength, Corrugated boxes 10. Additional information 10.1 Effective date of issue: April 30, 2013 10.2 This method is technically similar to ISO 9895:1989 10.3 The 2008 r

31、evision of this method updated the precision statement with current data and removed confusion regarding different measures of repeatability and reproducibility gathered from differently structured data sets. T 826 om-13 Short span compressive strength of containerboard / 4 Appendix A. Specification

32、s for the clamps (4,5) A.1 The four jaw edges in contact with the test specimens in the 0.7 mm (0.0276 in.) span shall not be blunted. The difference in the free span at the top and bottom of the jaws shall be less than 0.03 mm (0.001 in.). A.2 Those parts of the two surfaces of the stationary jaws

33、that grip the test piece close to the free span shall lie between two parallel planes, 0.01 mm (0.0004 in.) apart. All points of the two surfaces, 30 mm (1.18 in.) in each direction from the free span, shall lie between two parallel planes, 0.2 mm (0.008 in.) apart (Fig. 2). Fig. 2 Specification for

34、 the maximum permissible departure from vertical alignment of the clamps (4). A.3 All points of the bottom surfaces of the jaws shall lie between two parallel planes 0.1 mm (0.004 in.) apart (Fig. 3). A.4 If jaw alignment is other than specified, between tester correlation will be poor (5). Fig. 3 S

35、pecifications for the maximum permissible departure from parallelism of the clamping surfaces (4). Literature cited 1. Fellers, C., “Edgewise Compressive Strength of Paper,” in Handbook of Physical and Mechanical Testing of Paper and Paperboard (R. E. Mark, ed.), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1983. 2. Wh

36、itsitt, W. J., Compression Symposium, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, October 1 - 3, 1985. 3. Seth, R. S., Tappi Journal 68 (3): 98 (1985). 4. SCAN Method P46: 83 “Compressive Strength, Short Span Test,” May 1983. 5. McNown, W. J., Tappi Journal 75 (1): 83 (1992). Your comments and suggestions on this procedure are earnestly requested and should be sent to the TAPPI Standards Department.