ANSI S3.20-1995 Bioacoustical Terminology《生物声学专业术语》.pdf

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1、ANSI C3.20-1995 (ASA 11 4-1 995) Revision of ANSI S3.20-1973 (R1986) Reaffirmed by ANSI 10/15/2003 Includes 2005 Erratum American National Standard Bioacoustical Terminology Secretariat Acoustical Society of America Approved 10 July 1995 American National Standards Institute, Inc. Abstract This Stan

2、dard provides definitions for a wide variety of terms used in human bioacoustics, including hearing, speech, psychoacoustics, and physiological acoustics. it is intended to supplement ANSI S . - 1994 American National Standard Acoustical Termindogy in which more-generaliy-used terms in acoustics are

3、 defined, including a number of terms from physiological and psychological acoustics and music. Those terms from ANSI S1.1-1994 that are related to bioacoustics are included in this Standard as annexes. Copyright Acoustical Society of America Provided by IHS under license with ASA Not for ResaleNo r

4、eproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS ON ACOUSTICS The Acoustical Society of America provides the Secretariat for Accredited Stan- dards Committees S1 on Acoustics, S2 on Mechanical Vibration and Shock, S3 on Bioacoustics, and S12 on Noise. Thes

5、e committees have wide representation from the technical community (manufacturers, consumers, and general-interest representatives). The Standards are published by the Acoustical Society of America through the American Institute of Physics as American National Stan- dards after approval by their res

6、pective standards committees and the American National Standards Institute. These standards are developed and published as a public service to provide standards useful to the public, industry, and consumers, and to Federal, State, and local governments. Each of the Accredited Standards Committees (o

7、perating in accordance with pro- cedures approved by ANSI) is responsible for developing, voting upon, and main- taining or revising its own Standards. The ASA Standards Secretariat administers committee organization and activity, and provides liaison between the Accredited Standards Committees and

8、ANSI. After the Standards have been produced and adopted by the Accredited Standards Committees, and approved as American National Standards by ANSI, an ASA Standards Secretariat arranges for their publication and distribution. An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially

9、 con- cerned with its scope and provisions. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necesarily una

10、nimity. Consen- sus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary: their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he or she has approved the Standard

11、or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the Standards. CAUTION NOTICE: An American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be ta

12、ken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this Standard. Standards Secreiariat Acoustical Society of America 120 Wall Street, 32nd Floor New York, New York 10005-3993 Telephone (21 2) 248-0373 Telefax (21 2) 248-01 46 O 1995 by Acoustical Society of America. This standard may not be reproduc

13、ed in whole or in part in any form for sale, promotion, or any commercial purpose, or any purpose not falling within the fair-use provisions of the Copyright Act of 1976, without prior written permission of the publisher. For permission, address a writ- tern request to the Standards Secretariat of t

14、he Acoustical Society of America. Copyright Acoustical Society of America Provided by IHS under license with ASA Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Contents Page Foreword ii 1 Scope, purpose, and application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15、. . . 1 2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . 1 3 Anatomy and physiology of the human auditory system. . . , . . . . . 2 4 Hearing assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5 Psychophysics . . . . . . . . . . .

16、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . 13 6 Sound perception, voice, and speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 7 Acoustical devices, measurements, and instruments . . . . . . . . . . 25 Annexes Terms selected from those defined in Clause 4 of ANSI SI. 1-1 994 American National St

17、andard Acoustical Terminology for levels of acoustical measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Terms defined in Clause 7 of ANSI SI .l-1994 American National Standard Acoustical Terminology for transducers and linear systems , . , . . , . . . . , . . . . . . . . .

18、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Terms defined in Clause 12 of ANSI SI .I-1 994 American National Standard Acoustical Terminology for physiological and psychological acoustics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Terms defined in Clause 13 of ANSI S1 .l-1994 American National Standard A

19、coustical Terminology for musical acoustics . . . . . . . . 36 Index 40 Tables D13.1 interval comparisons in different mathematical tuning systems . . 38 D13.2 Frequencies in hertz (Hz) and frequency levels in semitones counted (SC) up from Co for the usual equal tempered scale. Subscripts by octave

20、s above Co. Co approximately equals 16.352 hertz so that A, = 440 hertz exactly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 i Copyright Acoustical Society of America Provided by IHS under license with ASA Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Foreword This foreword is

21、for information only and is not an integral part of American National Standard ANSI S3.20-1995 (ASA Catalog No. 114-19951.1 This Standard is a revision of, and supersedes, ANSI S3.20-1973 (RI9861 American National Standard Psychoacoustical Terminology, which was developed to provide a unified compil

22、ation of terms and definitions used in the area of human psychoacoustics. Since the original preparation of ANSI S3.20- 1973, Accredited Standards Committee S3, Bioacoustics, has developed several Standards incorporating new terminology. Further, some confusion has developed concerning the definitio

23、n of several terms incorporated in some American National Standards, for the most part because slightlv different definitions have been used in different standards. This revision of ANSI 53.20-1 973 (R1986) has been developed taking into account both older and newer terminology and has been retitled

24、 Bioacoustical Terminology. Overall, this revision provides a unified compilation of terms and definitions commonly used in human bioacoustics including hearing, psycho- acoustics, speech, and physiological acoustics. It is intended to be a counterpart and supplement to ANSI S1.l-1994 American Natio

25、nal Standard Acoustical Terminology which provides terms and definitions basic to general acoustics, but also includes some terms related to human bioacoustics. Those terms from ANSI SI, 1-1 994 that relate directly to human bioacoustics are included in this Standard as annexes, along with certain o

26、ther terms of general use in human bioacoustics. This Standard was developed under the jurisdiction of Accredited Standards Committee S3, Bioacoustics, which has the following scope: Standards, specifications, methods of measurement and test, and terminolog y, in the fields o fps ychoiogical and phy

27、siological acoustics, including aspects of general acoustics, shock and vibration which pertain to biological safety, tolerance, and comfort. At the time this standard was submitted to Accredited Standards Committee S3, Bioacoustics, for final approval, the membership was as follows: T. Frank, Chair

28、 R.F. Burkard, Vice Chair A. Brenig, Secretary Acoustical Society of America . American Academy of Otolaryngology American Industrial Hygiene Association American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine American College of Occupational Medicine . American Otological Society, Inc Head and Neck Surgery, I

29、nc . American SpeeChHearing-Language Association . AT FAX: + 1 212 248 0146. iii Copyright Acoustical Society of America Provided by IHS under license with ASA Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI S3.20-1995 American Natio

30、nal Standard Bioacoustical Terminology 1 Scope, purpose, and application 1.1 Scope This American National Standard provides defini- tions for terms used in human bioacoustics. Some additional general terms for measurement and instruments related to applications in psy- choacoustics are also provided

31、. 1.2 Purpose The purpose of this Standard is to provide a unified compilation of common terminology for use in the discipline of human bioacoustics including hearing, speech, psychoacoustics, and physiological acoustics. This Standard is intend- ed to be a counterpart and supplement to ANSI S 1 -1

32、-1 994 American National Standard Acousti- cal Terminology which provides terms and definitions used in general acoustics. 1.3 Application The terms and definitions provided in this Stan- dard may be used in any publication concerned with human bioacoustics including scientific articles and, particu

33、larly, American National Standards. The terms take into consideration not only past usage but best current practice. Use of these definitions in future documents is strongly encouraged. Acoustical terms of more general use in the performance of acoustical measurements, the properties of electroacous

34、tic transducers, and applications in the fields of architectural acou- stics, environmental acoustics, underwater sound, and music are provided in ANSI SI. 1- 1 994 American National Standard Acoustical Terminology. A selected set of terms from clause 4 of ANSI S1 .I -1 994 involving acoustical leve

35、ls is listed here in annex A, and terms from clause 7 on transducer and linear system proper- ties are included here as annex B. The entire clause 12 of ANSI SI. 1-1 994 containing psycho- acoustics and physiological acoustical terminol- ogy is included here in annex C, and the entire clause 13 on m

36、usical acoustics is included here in annex D. All terms defined in the body of the text and in the annexes are listed in an aiphabeti- cal index. Terms of special use in the field of human expo- sure to mechanical vibration and shock are contained in ANSI S3.32-1982 (R1990) Ameri- can National Stand

37、ard Mechanical Vibration and Shock Affecting Man - Vocabulary. 2 References The following Standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this American National Standard. At the time of approval by the American National Standards Institute, Inc. (ANSI), t

38、he editions indicated were valid. Because standards are revised from time to time, users should consult the latest revision approved by ANSI. For pur- poses of this Standard, the use of the latest revision of a Standard is not mandatory. Infor- mation on recent editions is available from the ASA Sta

39、ndards Secretariat. Il I ANSI S1 .l -1 994 American National Stan- dard Acoustical Terminolog y. i21 ANSI S3.1-1991 (R1986) American Na- tional Standard Maximum Permissible Ambient Noise Levels for Audiometric Test Rooms. i31 ANSI 53.4-1980 (RI9921 American Na- tional Standard Procedure for the Comp

40、utation of the Loudness of Noise. i41 ANSI S3.5-1969 (R1986) American Na- tional Standard Methods for the Calculation of the Articulation Index. i51 ANSI S3.6-1989 American National Stan- dard Specification for Audiometers. 161 ANSI S3.7-1994 American National Stan- dard Method for Coupler Calibrati

41、on of Ear- phones. 1 Copyright Acoustical Society of America Provided by IHS under license with ASA Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ANSI S3.20- 1995 71 ANSI S3.13-1987 American National Standard Mechanical Coupler for Measure- ment of Bone Vibrators

42、. i81 ANSI S3.21-1978 (R1992) American National Standard Method of Manual Pure- Tone Audiometry. 91 ANSI S3.32-1982 (RI9901 American National Standard Mechanical Vibration and Shock Affecting Man - Vocabulary. I01 ANSI S3.35-1985 (R1990) American National Standard Methods of Measurement of Performan

43、ce Characteristics of Hearing Aids Under Simulated In-situ Working Condi- tions. l 11 ANSI S3.43-1992 American National Standard Reference Zero for the Calibration of Pure-tone Bone-conduction Audiometers. 121 ANSI/ASME Y10.1 1-1984, Letter Sym- bols. I 31 ANSMEEE Std 260-1 978, Standard Letter Symb

44、ols Used for Measurement. 141 IEC 50(801): 1994 International Electro- technical Vocabulary, Chapter 80 I, Acoustics and electroacoustics. 3 auditory system Anatomy and physiology of the human 3.01 acoustic nerve; auditory nerve; eighth cranial nerve; vestibulocochlear nerve. Nerve, consisting of tw

45、o sets of fibers: the anterior branch or cochlear nerve and the posterior branch or vestibular nerve. Afferent fibers of the nerve conduct neural signals from the inner ear to the central nervous system, efferent fibers transmit signals from the central nervous system to the inner ear. 3.02 acoustic

46、 reflex. Middle-ear muscle sta- pedius and tensor-tympani) reflex elicited by an acoustic stimulus. 3.03 auditory ossicles; ossicles. Three small bones in the middle ear; .e., the malleus, the incus and the stapes. These bones transmit mechanical vibrations from the tympanic mem- brane to the oval w

47、indow of the cochlea. 3.04 auditory tube; Eustachian tube. Tube that connects the middle ear with the nasal part of the pharynx. The auditory tube serves to equalize air pressure on the two sides of the tympanic membrane, .e., middle ear pressure and ambient pressure. 3.05 auricle; pinna. Ovoid-form

48、ed, skin-cov- ered, fibro-cartilagineous plate that is attached to the head around the opening of the external auditory meatus; the most visible part of the ear. The auricle is believed to be useful in the local- ization of sounds in the front-back and the vertical directions. 3.06 basilar membrane.

49、 Fibrous plate extend- ing from the osseous spiral lamina to the spiral ligament on the outer wall of the cochlea. The basilar membrane separates the scala media from the scala tympani and supports the organ of Corti. 3.07 border cells. A single row of supporting cells lying on the inward side of (medial to) the inner hair cells in the organ of Corti. The upper part (or superior surfaces) of the border cells form part of the reticular la