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《ANSI IT4.14-2002 Photography (Processing) - Developers for Black-and-White Films and Plates - Method for Graininess Evaluation《摄影(冲洗).黑白胶片和底板显象液.颗粒度估算方法.ANSI NAPM IT4.14-1996的修改件和重.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《ANSI IT4.14-2002 Photography (Processing) - Developers for Black-and-White Films and Plates - Method for Graininess Evaluation《摄影(冲洗).黑白胶片和底板显象液.颗粒度估算方法.ANSI NAPM IT4.14-1996的修改件和重.pdf（18页珍藏版）》请在麦多课文档分享上搜索。

1、1 ANSUI3A IT4.14-2002 for Photography (Processing) - Developers for Black-and- White Films and Plates - Method for Graininess Evaluation ANS1113A lT4.14-2002 Revision and redesignation of ANSI/NAPM lT4.14-1996 American National Standard for Photography (Processing) - Deve I ope rs for BI ack-a n d-

2、W h i te Films and Plates - Method for Graininess Evaluation Secretariat International Imaging Industry Association, Inc. (13A) Approved February 13, 2002 American National Standards Institute, Inc. American National Standard Approval of an American National Standard requires review by ANSI that the

3、 requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by the standards developer. Consensus is established when, in the judgement of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial

4、 agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made towards their resolution. The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in

5、any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards. The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstances give an

6、 interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpretations should be addressed to the secretariat or sponso

7、r whose name appears on the title page of this standard. CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard. Purc

8、hasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute. Published by American National Standards Institute, Inc. 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036 Copyright O 2002 by American National Standards Ins

9、titute, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America Contents Page Foreword ii 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 T

10、erms and definitions 2 4 Safety and operational precautions 2 5 Materials and reagents . 3 6 Developers . 3 7 Photographic negative test material 5 8 Test method 5 9 Graininess evaluation . 9 Tables 1 Reference developer 4 2 Stop bath 4 3 Fixing bath 5 Fig u res 1 Typical graph for determining avera

11、ge gradient 7 2 Score chart . 10 Annex A Bibliography 12 I Foreword (This foreword is not part of American National Standard ANSIA3A lT4.14-2002.) This American National Standard describes a test method for evaluating the graini- ness performance of a black-and-white film or plate developer. The gra

12、ininess of a black-and-white film or plate processed in a given developer can be evaluated in terms of the standard deviation of density, o(D), in the developed sample. However, the method described in this standard permits measurements that are meaningful in pictorial photography without the need f

13、or special equipment re- quired to determine o(D) and is based on comparison with a reference developer. It is recognized that judgment of the overall performance of a developer must include additional factors, such as: excessive loss of speed in negative materials with either the new or a partially

14、 exhausted bath; impairment of tone reproduction by contrast distortion or fogging; and formation of scums or uneven stains. The contrast ob- tained with the developer must also be sufficient to give a usable negative. Other concerns include the ability to produce sharp images, exhaustion characteri

15、stics, tox- icity, and the tendency of the developer to sludge. American National Standard ANSM3A IT4.14 was prepared by 13A Technical Com- mittee IT4, Phofographic Processing. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ANSVNAPM IT4.14-1996) of which it constitutes a technical revis

16、ion. This standard contains one annex which is for information only and is not considered part of this standard. Suggestions for improvements of this standard will be welcome. They should be sent to the International Imaging Industry Association (13A), 550 Mamaroneck Avenue, Suite 307, Harrison, NY

17、10528-1 61 2, e-mail: i3astdsi3a.org. This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by 13A Technical Committee IT4 on Photographic Processing. Committee approval of the standard does not necessarily imply that all committee members voted for its approval. At the time it approved thi

18、s standard, the IT4 Committee had the following members: Joseph M. Rao, Chairman John Gignac, Secretary Organization Represented Name of Representative International Imaging Industry Association (13A) . Jan Carlock Linda Crosby Kuni hiro Fujiwara Ronald A. Klein Laszlo Papai Anthony Jarkowski Genera

19、l Chemical Corporation . Mark Dulik Photographic Society of America . Grant Hakt Photo Marketing Association International . Herb Stein Individual Experts Peter Krause Norman Newman Joseph M. Rao II AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSIIISA lT4.14-2002 Ame rica n N at ion al Standard for Photography (Proc

20、essing) - Developers for Black-and-white Films and Plates - Method for Graininess Evaluation 1 Scope This standard describes a method for evaluating the graininess performance of a developer in comparison with a reference developer. It is applicable to black-and-white continuous-tone still- pictoria

21、l photography where the result is normally viewed as a reflection print. 2 Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this American National Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. A

22、ll standards and publications are subject to revision and are parties to agreements based on this American National Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards and publications listed below. Members of IEC and IS0 maintain registers of

23、 currently valid International Standards. ANSVPIMA IT4.31-1998, Phofography (Processing) - Phofographic inertness of consfrucfion maferials - Tesf mefhod and specificafion IS0 5-3:1995, Phofography - Densify measuremenfs - Par 3: Specfral condifions IS0 6: 1993 (RI 998), Phofography - Black-and-whif

24、e picforial sfill camera negafive filmlprocess sysfems - Deferminafion of IS0 speed IS0 41 8:2001, Phofography - Processing chemicals - Specificafions for anhydrous sodium sulfife IS0 422:1994 (RI 999), Phofography - Processing chemicals - Specificafions for p- mefhylaminophenol sulfafe IS0 3298:199

25、4 (RI 999), Phofography - Processing chemicals - Specificafions for glacial acefic acid IS0 3620:1994 (RI 999), Phofography - Processing chemicals - Specificafions for aluminium pofassium sulfafe IS0 3627:2001, Phofography - Processing chemicals - Specificafions for sodium mefabisulfife IS0 3628:199

26、4 (RI 999), Phofography - Processing chemicals - Specificafions for boric acid, granular IS0 6353-1 :I 982, Reagenfs for chemical analysis - Par 1: General fesf mefhods IS0 6353-2:1983, Reagenfs for chemical analysis - Par 2: Specificafions - Firsf series IS0 6353-3:1987, Reagenfs for chemical analy

27、sis - Par 3: Specificafions - Second series IS0 7589:1984 (RI 994), Illuminanfs for sensifomefry - Specificafions for daylighf and incandescenf fungsfen IS0 10636:1994 (RI 999), Phofography - Processing chemicals - Specificafions for anhydrous sodium fhiosulfafe and sodium fhiosulfafe penfahydrafe 1

28、 ANSVIJA IT4.14-2002 I Altman, J.H.; Henn, R.W. Effecf of developer composifion on fhe sfrucfure ofphofographic images. Phofographic Science and Engineering, 543): 1961 May-June. 2 Thomas, Woodlief, Jr., ed. SPSE Handbook of Phofographic Science and Engineering (Ist ed.) New York: Wiley: 1973, 768-7

29、71. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this standard, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 graininess: Sensation or impression of nonuniformity in a photographic deposit produced upon the consciousness of the observer. 3.2 fine-grain developer: Developer that produces negatives wh

30、ich, when printed at an enlargement of 20 diameters, show a graininess pattern no more apparent than that produced by the reference developer specified in 6.3. NOTE - Graininess is a perceived characteristic of a photographic deposit. NOTE - This definition holds true only when all prescribed condit

31、ions of the test are followed exactly. 4 Safety and operational precautions 4.1 Hazard warnings Some of the chemicals specified in the test procedures are caustic, toxic, or otherwise hazardous. Safe laboratory practice for the handling of chemicals requires the use of safety glasses or goggles and

32、in some cases other protective apparel such as rubber gloves, face masks, and aprons. Specific danger notices are given in the text and footnotes for particularly dangerous materials, but normal precautions are required during the performance of any chemical procedure at all times. The first time th

33、at a hazardous material is noted in the test procedures, the hazard will be indicated by the word “DANGER” followed by a symbol consisting of angle brackets “e ” containing a letter that designated the specific hazard. A double bracket “” will be used for particularly perilous situations. In subsequ

34、ent statements involving handling of these hazardous materials, only the hazard symbol consisting of the brackets and letter(s) will be displayed. Furthermore, for a given material, the hazard symbols will be used only once in a single paragraph. Hazard warning symbols will not be used for common or

35、ganic solvents when used in quantities of less than 1 liter unless they are particularly hazardous. Detailed warnings for handling chemicals and their diluted solutions are beyond the scope of this standard. Employers shall provide training and health and safety information in conformance with legal

36、 requirements. The hazard code system used in the standard is intended to provide information to the users and is not meant for compliance with any legal requirements for labeling as these vary from country to cou nt ry . It is strongly recommended that anyone using these chemicals obtain pertinent

37、information from the manufacturer about the hazards, handling, use, and disposal of these chemicals. 4.2 Hazard information code system Harmful if inhaled. Avoid breathing dust, vapor, mist, or gas. Use only with adequate ventilation. 2 ANSIAJA IT4.14-2002 Harmful if contact occurs. Avoid contact wi

38、th eyes, skin, or clothing. Wash thoroughly after hand ling. Will burn. Keep away from heat, sparks, and open flame. Use with adequate ventilation. Oxidizer. Contact with other material may cause fire. Do not store near combustible materials. Harmful if swallowed. Wash thoroughly after handling. If

39、swallowed, obtain medical attention immediately. May be fatal if swallowed. If swallowed, obtain medical attention immediately. 5 Materials and reagents 5.1 General 5.1.1 Handling and labeling Reagents shall be handled in conformity with health and safety precautions as shown on containers, or as gi

40、ven in other sources of such information. Proper labeling of prepared reagents includes chemical name, date of preparation, expiration date, restandardization date, name of preparer, and adequate health and safety precautions. The discharge of reagents shall conform to applicable environmental regul

41、ations. 5.1.2 Purity Reagents used in the test procedures shall be certified reagent-grade chemicals and shall meet appropriate standards or be chemicals of a purity acceptable for the analysis. For details, see IS0 6353-1, IS0 6353-2, and IS0 6353-3. 5.1.3 Water Whenever water is specified without

42、other qualifiers in the test proceudres, only distilled water or water of equal purity shall be used. 6 Developers 6.1 General The reference developer and the test developer shall be prepared with chemicals that meet the purity specifications for chemicals used in processing photographic materials.

43、6.2 Test developer The developer to be evaluated shall be prepared in accordance with the manufacturers instructions for the class of photographic negative material selected for testing. The test developer shall be used during the time after mixing specified by the manufacturer. 6.3 Reference develo

44、per The reference developer shall be prepared by dissolving the chemicals listed in table 1 in the order as given. The reference developer shall be prepared for use not less than 4 hours nor more than 24 hours before processing as described in 8.3. The developer shall be stored at room temperature i

45、n a full, tightly stoppered glass bottle. 3 ANSVIJA IT4.14-2002 Chemical Distilled water or equivalent (about 32C) Sodium sulfite, anhydrous p-methylaminophenol sulfate Sodium sulfite, anhydrous Table 1 - Reference developer I Applicable standard Quantity - 750.0 ml IS0 418 10.0 g IS0 422 7.5 g IS0

46、418 90.0 g Sodium metabisulfite Distilled water or equivalent to make IS0 3627 15.0 g - 1000.0 ml 6.4 Stop bath and fixer The stop bath and fixing bath shall be prepared by dissolving the chemicals listed in tables 2 and 3, respectively, in the order as given. The chemicals shall meet the requiremen

47、ts of the applicable purity specification for chemicals used in processing photographic materials. Table 2 - Stop bath Distilled water or equivalent Acetic acid, glacial DANGER: CB cC I Chemical I Applicablestandard I Quantity I - 1000.0 ml IS0 3298 20.0 ml ) Numbers in brackets refer to the corresp

48、onding reference in clause 2. 4 ANSIAJA IT4.14-2002 Chemical Distilled water or equivalent a bout 27C) Table 3 - Fixing bath Ap p I i ca b le stan da rd Quantity - 600.0 ml Sodium sulfite, anhydrous Acetic acid, glacial I Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate I IS0 10636 I 240.0 g I IS0 418 18.0 g IS0 329

49、8 13.5 ml Aluminum potassium sulfate Distilled water or equivalent to make I Boric acid, crystalline I IS03628 I 7.5 g I IS0 3620 15.0 g - 1000.0 ml 7 Photographic negative test material Films or plates used for testing shall have an IS0 speed within the range of 25 to 2000, as defined in IS0 6 and shall be capable of yielding in the reference developer an average gradient value of 0.62 5 0.04 when determined as specified in 8.4.3. All reports of results shall specify the identity of the photographic negative test material. All photographic negative test material shall be t