ANSI INCITS 172-1996 Information Technology - American National Standard Dictionary of Information Technology (ANSDIT).pdf

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1、for Information Technology - American National Standard Dictionary of Information Technology (ANSDIT) 30T m X3.172-1996 This mater 1 is reproduced from American National Standard x-3 c 7 1 , copyright , with permission of the American National Standards Institute, Inc. Not for resale. No part of thi

2、s publication may be copied or reproduced in any form, electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the American National Standards Institute, Inc., 11 West 42nd Street, New York, New York 10036. -A mmn American National Standards Institute 1 11 West 42nd Street

3、New York, New York 10036 American Approval of an American National Standard requires review by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have National been met by the standards developer. Standard Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI

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8、 National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute. Published by American Na

9、tional Standards Institute 11 West 42nd Street, New York, New York 10036 Copyright O1 996 by American National Standards Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of

10、 the publisher. Printed in the United States of America ANSI X3.172-1996 Revision and consolidation of ANSI X3.172-1990 and ANSI X3.172a-1992 American National Standard for Information Technology - American National Standard Dictionary of Information Technology (ANSDIT) Secretariat Information Techn

11、ology Industry Council Approved September 6, 1996 American National Standards Institute, Inc. Contents Page Foreword . III Introduction v American National Standard Dictionary of Annex A KWIC (Key-Word-ln-Context) Index . 241 . Information Technology (ANSDIT) 1 II Foreword (This foreword is not part

12、 of American National Standard X3.172-1996.) The communication of facts and ideas depends upon a mutual understand- ing of terminology. This is particularly true in the rapidly growing field of information technology, in which there is a continuing need for a compre- hensive source of agreed-upon te

13、chnical terms and definitions. Under the direction of the American National Standards Institute - Accredited Standards Committee on Information Technology, X3, the Technical Committee on Vocabulary, X3K5, prepared this American National Standard Dictionary for Information Technology (ANSDIT). The di

14、ctionary is based on the American National Standard for Information Systems - Dictionary for lnformation Systems, ANSI X3.172-1990, and its earlier editions. The dictionary was developed by studying the use of terms throughout the field of information technology including computers, data communicati

15、ons, data processing, text processing, and related fields. The ANSDIT has been harmonized with ISO/IEC-2382, lnformation Technology - Vocabulary (/TV), in which Technical Committee X3K5 served as the technical advisory group for the American National Standards Institute. The ANSDIT is intended to de

16、fine terms in a way that is appropriate and useful for the layman. The dictionary is not in any way intended to supple- ment o1 supersede definitions .of the same or similiar terms that may appear in other ANSI or ISO/IEC standards. For definitions specific to par- ticular areas of information techn

17、ology, refer to the applicable ANSI or ISOAEC standards. Advances in the field of information technology usually require changes in terminology. Requests for interpretation, suggestions for improvement or addenda, or defect reports are welcome. They should be sent to the X3 Secretariat, Information

18、Technology Industry Council, 1250 Eye Street, NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20005-3922. This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by the Accredited Standards Committee on Information Technology, X3. Committee approval of this standard does not necessarily imply that all committe

19、e members voted for its approval. At the time it approved this standard, the X3 Committee had the following members: James D. Converse, Chair Donald C. Loughry, Vice-Chair Kate McMillan, Secretary Organization Represented Name of Representative AMP, Inc. Ben Bennett Apple Computer, Inc. . David K. M

20、ichael AT special characters and spaces between words are ignored. A few term names begin with a number; these term names and their associated defini- tions precede the alphabetical listing. Organization of entries An entry consists of a single-word or multiple-word term name or the abbreviation or

21、acronym for a term name, followed by one or more defini- tions. An entry is organized as follows: 1. A definition number, if the entry contains two or more definitions. 2. A usage label, indicating the area of application of the term. For example, “ln programming, . . . ” or ”ln text processing, . .

22、 . .I 3. A defining phrase, stating the basic meaning of the term name. The defining phrase is assumed to be preceded by “The term is defined as . . . .I The part of speech being defined is usually indicated by the opening words of the defining phrase: “To . . . I indicates a verb; “Pertaining to .

23、. . I indicates a modifier; “A, “The”, “An”, “Any”, “Each of”, indicate a noun or a noun phrase. 4. Additional sentences, formulae, and figures, may also be provided for further clarification. All figures are numbered sequentially, and are often cited: “See figure n Q aardvark, where n is the figure

24、 number, “” is the flag to the reader that a defined term name is listed (rather than a page number) for aiding the reader in locating the figure in the alphabetical dictionary. 5. A source-inspired reference label, for example, “Pt. 61” that follows the definition and is in square brackets. In the

25、example, “Pt. 61 refers to Part 6 of ISOAEC-2382, Information technology - Vocabulary - Part 06: Preparation and handling of data. The cross-reference label, “CSG” refers to ANSI X3.172a-1992, commonly referred to as The Computer Security Glossary, which is an addendum to the ANSI Standard of that s

26、ame number. 6. In the definitions of an entry, the first occurrence of a term name that is defined elsewhere in the dictionary is italicized. In some cases, each individual word of a multiple-word term name is defined; for exam- ple, in program-addressable, the words program and address are defined

27、separately. Although the noun or verbal forms of terms are usu- ally defined, other grammatical forms of defined terms are also itali- cized. V 7. References, directing the reader to other entries or items in the dictionary, are commonly indicated following the phrase: “-Contrast with . . . .” 8. Qu

28、otation marks are placed immediately surrounding the text being quoted. The following reference labels are used in this dictionary: -Contrast with: Refers to a term name that has an opposite or sub- stantively different meaning. Synonym for: Indicates that the term name has the same meaning as a pre

29、ferred term name, which is defined in its proper place in the dictio- nary. If the preferred term name has more than one synonym, those syn- onyms are listed, in the definition of the preferred term, alphabetically and separated by commas. Synonymous with: Indicates a backward reference from a prefe

30、rred, defined term name to all other term names that have the same meaning. If a synonym refers to more than one preferred term name, the preferred term names are separated by commas in the definition of the synonym. Abridged term for: Indicates that the more common name for the term is the shorter

31、form of the term name. Deprecated: This word indicates that the particular usage of the term is no longer widely accepted. “Deprecated” refers the reader to a preferred term name, which is defined in its alphabetical place in the dictionary. Selection of terms A term name is a word or group of words

32、 to be defined. In this dictionary, the singular form of the noun and the infinitive form of the verb are the term names most often selected to be defined. If the term name may be abbreviated, the abbreviation is given in parentheses following the term name. The abbreviation is also entered in its p

33、roper alphabetical place in the dictionary. Purpose and scope This standard contains concepts used in information technology. In gener- al, concepts or term names found in an everyday nontechnical dictionary are not included. Also, concepts and term names that are: a) from special- ized areas of inf

34、ormation technology, b) still in development, and c) of a parochial nature, are not necessarily incorporated in this standard. Inevitably, the rapid growth of the field of information technology precludes this standard from being exhaustive and final. Bibliography Definitions from the ISOAEC Interna

35、tional Standard 2382, Information Technology - Vocabulary, are identified by the corresponding part number (in square brackets) following the definition from that part. The ISO/IEC Standard 2382 has the following parts that were reviewed in developing this document: vi Part 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1

36、2 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Title Fundamental terms Arithmetic and logic operations Equipment technology Organization of data Representation of data Preparation and handling of data Computer programming Control, integrity, and security Data communications Operating techniques a

37、nd facilities Processing units Peripheral equipment Computer graphics Reliability, maintainability, and availability Programming languages lnformation theory Databases Distributed data processing Analog computing System development Interfaces between process computer systems and technical processes

38、Calculators Text processing Computer integrated manufacturing Local area networks OS1 architecture Office automation Artificial intelligence and expert systems ANSI X3.172a-1992, The Computer Security Glossary, an addendum to ANSI X3.172-1990, The American National Standard for lnformation Systems -

39、 Dictionary for lnformation Systems. This Computer Security Glossary addendum has been subsumed in this dictionary. Some of the addendum entries were absorbed unchanged and carry the source citation “CSG“. vi i Proposed FED-STD-1037C (1 994), Glossary of Telecommunication Terms, Coordination Draft.

40、IEEE Std. 100-1992, The New IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms (Including Abstracts of All Current IEEE Standards), Fifth Edition, G. P. Kurpis, Chair, C. J. Booth, Ed., 1993 January 15. IEEE 610 (1990), IEEE Standard Computer Dictionary, A Compilation of IEEE Standard Comp

41、uter Glossaries. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, New York, NY. IEEE Std 610.13 (1992), lEEE Standard Glossary of Computer Languages. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, New York, NY. IBM (1 994), ISM Dictionary of Computing, George McDaniel, Ed., McGraw-

42、 Hill, Inc., New York, NY. ISOAEC 10646-1 -1 991, Information technology - IS0 7-bit coded charac- ter set for information interchange. ANSI X3.92-1981, Data Encryption Algorithm. FIPS Pub. 46-1977, Data Encryption Standard. IEEE 802.3 (1 993), Information Technology - Local and Metropolitan Area Ne

43、tworks - Part 3: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications. IS0 3309 (1 991 ), Information technology - Telecommunications and infor- mation exchange between systems - High Level Data Link Control (HDLC) procedures - Frame struct

44、ure. IS0 9592 (1989), Information processing systems - Computer graphics - Programmers hierarchical interactive graphics system (PHIGS) - Part 7: Functional description; Pt. 2: Archive file format; Pt. 3: Clear-text encoding of archive file. IS0 9660 (1 988), Information processing - Volume and file

45、 structure of CD-ROM for information interchange. CCITT V.25 (1988), Automatic answering equipment and/or parallel auto- matic calling equipment on the general switched telephone network includ- ing procedures for disabling of echo control devices for both manually and automatically established call

46、s, Blue Book, Fasc. VIII.l. viii List of Figures Fig. # Figure Caption - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 - Access time Hierarchy of languages Interconnection of data stations on a trunk cable Table of Boolean operations Box diagram Interconnected networks B

47、dbble chart Calculator with algebraic logic Calculator with arithmetic logic Calculator with postfix notation logic Call graph Character taxonomy Closed user groups Constructive solid geometry Cuberille of a torus Interrelationships of data Example of a data flow diagram Half of a data link Examples

48、 of data types Manchester and differential Manchester encoding Components of an idealized discrete signal Dithering Stack, queue, and double- ended queue Double-pulse recording Example of a flowchart Typical flowchart symbols Frame (in data communications) Frequency modulation Associated Term Name a

49、ccess time assembly language attachment unit interface Boolean operation box diagram bridge bubble chart calculator with algebraic calculator with arithmetic logic logic calculator with postfix notation logic call graph character closed user group constructive solid geometry cuberille data data flow diagram data link data type differential Manchester encoding discrete signal dithering double-ended queue double-pulse recording flowchart flowchart symbol frame frequency modulation ix Fig # Figure Caption Associated Term Name 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44