ANSI ASTM C709-2009 Standard Terminology Relating to Manufactured Carbon and Graphite《人造碳及石墨的相关术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: C709 09An American National StandardStandard Terminology Relating toManufactured Carbon and Graphite1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C709; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of

2、 last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.across (or against) grain, ndirection in a body withpreferred orientation due to forming stresses that has themaximum c-axis alig

3、nment as measured in an X-ray diffrac-tion test.agglomerate, nin manufactured carbon and graphite prod-uct technology, composite particle containing a number ofgrains.anistropic nuclear graphite, ngraphite in which the isot-ropy ratio based on the value of the coefficient of thermalexpansion (25500C

4、) is greater than 1.15.ash, nin carbon and graphite technology, residue remainingafter oxidation of a carbon or graphite.binder, nsubstance, usually an organic material such as coaltar pitch or petroleum pitch, used to bond the coke or otherfiller material prior to baking.carbon, nelement, number 6

5、of the periodic table of ele-ments, electronic ground state 1s22s22p2.carbon, nin carbon and graphite technology, artifact con-sisting predominantly of the element carbon and possessinglimited long range order.DISCUSSIONThe presence of limited long range order is usuallyassociated with low electrica

6、l and thermal conductivity and difficultmachinability when compared with graphite.carbon foam, nin carbon and graphite technology, porouscarbon product containing regularly shaped, predominantlyconcave, homogeneously dispersed cells which interact toform a three-dimensional array throughout a contin

7、uummaterial of carbon, predominantly in the non-graphitic state.The final result is either an open or closed cell product.DISCUSSIONIn most foam, the cell wall thickness is less than halfthe average cell size.cell (bubble), nin carbon and graphite technology, singlesmall cavity formed by gaseous dis

8、placement in a precursormaterial in its plastic state, and surrounded completely by itswalls when formed. Cells can be open or closed.DISCUSSIONAfter processing at high temperatures, the basic struc-ture of the cell will remain even as the material converts from a plasticstate to a rigid carbonaceou

9、s structure. Hence, the term cell will applyto a carbon product.cell count, nin carbon and graphite technology, in closed-cell foams, number of cells aligned in one plane in one linearinch, as determined by stereoscopic image analysis.cell size, nin carbon and graphite technology, averagediameter of

10、 the cells in the final foam product.closed cell, nin carbon and graphite technology, cell totallyenclosed by its walls and hence not interconnected withother cells. A closed cell foam is a foam consisting predomi-nantly of closed cells.coke, ncarbonaceous solid produced from coal, petroleum,or othe

11、r materials by thermal decomposition with passagethrough a plastic pressive strength, nproperty of solid material thatindicates its ability to withstand a uniaxial compressive load.defect, nof a manufactured carbon or graphite product, anyirregularity in the chemistry, microstructure, or macrostruc-

12、ture.defective, adjhaving flaws or dimensional deviations greaterthan acceptable for the intended use.electrographite, nin carbon and graphite technology, syn-onym for manufactured graphite.extruded, vformed by being forced through a shaping orificeas a continuous body.filler, nin manufactured carbo

13、n and graphite product tech-nology, carbonaceous particles comprising the base aggre-gate in an unbaked green-mix formulation.flaw, ndefect sufficiently greater than those typical of themorphology of a carbon or graphite body to influence aproperty.flexural strength, nproperty of solid material that

14、 indicatesits ability to withstand a flexural or transverse load.flow line, ndefect induced by discontinuous flow velocitiesduring forming of molded or extruded bodies.grade, ndesignation given a material by a manufacturer suchthat it is always reproduced to the same specificationsestablished by the

15、 manufacturer.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.F0 on Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Products.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2009. Published January 2010. Originallyapproved in

16、 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as C70906. DOI:10.1520/C0709-09.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.grain, nin manufactured (synthetic) carbon and graphite,particle of filler material (usually coke or graphi

17、te) in thestarting mix formulation. Also referred to as granular mate-rial, filler particle, or aggregate material. The term is alsoused to describe the general texture of a carbon or graphitebody, as in the descriptions listed below:coarse grained, adjcontaining grains in the starting mixthat are s

18、ubstantially greater than 4 mm in size.fine grained, adjcontaining grains in the starting mix thatare generally less than 100 m in size.medium grained, adjcontaining grains in the starting mixthat are generally less than 4 mm in size.microfine grained, adjcontaining grains in the starting mixthat ar

19、e generally less than 2 m in size.superfine grained, adjcontaining grains in the starting mixthat are generally less than 50 m in size.ultrafine grained, adjcontaining grains in the starting mixthat are generally less than 10 m in size.DISCUSSIONAll of the above descriptions relate to the generallya

20、ccepted practice of measuring the sizing fractions with a criterion that90 % of the grains will pass through the stated screen size in a standardparticle sizing test.graphene layer, nin carbon and graphite technology, singlecarbon layer of the graphite structure, describing its natureby analogy to a

21、 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon of quasi-infinite size.DISCUSSIONThe term graphite designates a modification of thechemical element carbon in which planar sheets of carbon atoms, eachatom bound to three neighbors in a honeycomb-like structure, arestacked in a three dimensional regular order. For a

22、single layer, it is notcorrect to use the term graphite, which implies a three dimensionalstructure.graphite, nallotropic crystalline form of the element carbon,occurring as a mineral, commonly consisting of a hexagonalarray of carbon atoms (space group P 63/mmc) but alsoknown in a rhombohedral form

23、 (space group R 3m).graphite, nin carbon and graphite technology, materialconsisting predominantly of the element carbon and possess-ing extensive long-range three-dimensional crystallographicorder as determined by X-ray diffraction studies.DISCUSSIONThe presence of long-range order is usually accom

24、pa-nied with high electrical and thermal conductivity within the hexagonalplane. This results in a material having relatively easy machinabilitywhen compared to non-graphitic materials. The use of the termgraphite without reporting confirmation of long-range crystallographicorder should be avoided a

25、s it can be misleading.graphite foam, nin carbon and graphite technology, porousgraphite product containing regularly shaped, predominantlyconcave, homogeneously dispersed cells which interact toform a three-dimensional array throughout a continuummaterial of carbon, predominantly in the graphitic s

26、tate. Thefinal result is either an open or closed cell product.DISCUSSIONIn most foam, the cell wall thickness is less than halfthe average cell size.graphitic, adjin carbon and graphite technology, all variet-ies of substances consisting predominantly of the elementcarbon in the allotropic form of

27、graphite irrespective of thepresence of structural defects.DISCUSSIONThe use of the term graphitic is justified if three-dimensional hexagonal crystalline long-range order can be detected inthe material by X-ray diffraction methods, independent of the volumefraction and the homogeneity of distributi

28、on of such crystallinedomains. Otherwise, the term non-graphitic should be used.graphitizable carbon, nin carbon and graphite technology,non-graphitic carbon, which, upon graphitization, convertsinto graphitic carbon (also known as a soft carbon).graphitization, nin carbon and graphite technology, s

29、olid-state transformation of thermodynamically unstable non-graphitic carbon into graphite by thermal treatment.DISCUSSIONThe degree of graphitization is a measure of the extentof long-range 3D crystallographic order as determined by diffractionstudies only. The degree of graphitization affects many

30、 propertiessignificantly, such as thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity,strength, and stiffness.DISCUSSIONA common, but incorrect, use of the term graphitizationis to indicate a process of thermal treatment of carbon materials at T 2200C regardless of any resultant crystallinity. The use of

31、the termgraphitization without reporting confirmation of long range threedimensional crystallographic order determined by diffraction studiesshould be avoided, as it can be misleading.graphitizing (nuclear grade) isotropic/near-isotropiccokea coke, which under reflected light microscopy,shows a fine

32、 mosaic texture where the individual micro-scopic domains show optical activity as the stage is rotatedwhen both the polarizer and analyzer are in a crossedposition in the optical path of the microscope.DISCUSSIONThe isotropic coke with optical domains of 20 miconsis, crucially, a coke that develops

33、 three-dimensional order on heattreatment to temperatures 2400C, and hence may be described asgraphitic. Furthermore, graphite produced from such a coke exhibits aCTE in the range of 3.5 3 10e-6to 5.5 3 10e-6(25 to 500C), and isisotropic in the sense that the ratio of the ag/wg CTE (25 to 500C) isyi

34、elding between 1.00 and 1.10. Similarly, graphite produced from anear-isotropic coke is defined as yielding graphite wehre the ag/wgCTE (25 to 500C) is between 1.10 and 1.15. The precursors to agraphitizing isotropic coke form fluid mesophase on thermal conver-sion to a solid graphitizable carbon.gr

35、een carbon, nformed, but unfired carbon body.hard carbon, nsee non-graphitizable carbon.hardness, nresistance of a material to deformation, particu-larly permanent deformation, indentation, or scratching.impervious carbon, nsame as impervious graphite with theexception that the base stock has not be

36、en graphitized.impervious graphite, nmanufactured graphite that has beenimpregnated with a resinous material to make the final articleimpervious to liquids in the recommended operating range.impregnation, npartial filling of the open pore structurewith another material.isotropic, adjin carbon and gr

37、aphite technology, having anisotropy ratio of 0.9 to 1.1 for a specific property of interest.isotropic nuclear graphite, ngraphite in which the isotropyratio based on the coefficient of thermal expansion(25500C) is 1.001.10.C709 092isotropy ratio, nin carbon and graphite technology, ratio ofa given

38、property value in the against grain direction to itscorresponding value in the with grain direction (for example,the ratio of coefficients of thermal expansion).lamination, nline of demarcation or elongated void gener-ally parallel to the principal grain direction of a carbon orgraphite body.longitu

39、dinal sonic pulse, nsonic pulse in which the dis-placements are in the direction of propagation of the pulse.machinability, nmeasure of the ease with which a materialcan be shaped with the aid of cutting or abrasive tools.manufactured carbon, nbonded granular carbon bodywhose matrix has been subject

40、ed to a temperature typicallybetween 900 and 2400C.manufactured graphite, nbonded granular carbon bodywhose matrix has been subjected to a temperature typicallyin excess of 2400C and whose matrix is thermally stablebelow that temperature.molded, vformed in a closed die by the application ofexternal

41、pressure.natural graphite, nin carbon and graphite technology,material consisting predominantly of graphitic carbon,which forms in the earths crust as the result of igneous ormetamorphic processes acting on carbonaceous materials.DISCUSSIONThe degree of crystalline perfection in these materialsmay v

42、ary. Natural graphite may contain significant quantities of ganguematerials, either attached to or intercalated with graphitic carbon.nearisotropic nuclear graphite, ngraphite in which theisotropy based on the coefficient of thermal expansion(25500C) is 1.101.15.non-graphitizable carbon, nin carbon

43、and graphite tech-nology, carbon which cannot be transformed into graphiticcarbon solely by heat treatment up to 3000C under inertatmosphere or reduced pressure (also known as a hardcarbon).non-graphitizing isotropic cokea coke, which under re-flected light microscopy shows no mosiac texture and noo

44、ptical activity when both the polarizer and analyzer are ina crossed position in the optical path of the microscope as thestage is rotated.DISCUSSIONThe optically inactive isotropic coke is a coke that doesnot develop three-dimensional order on heat treatment to temperatures2400C, and hence may not

45、be described as graphitic. The precursorsto a non-graphitizing isotropic coke do not form fluid mesophase onthermal conversion to a solid carbon. (There is the exceptional case ofanthracite coal which is graphitizable but does not pass through a fluidmesophase stage.)open cell, nin carbon and graphi

46、te technology, cell that isnot totally enclosed in its walls and hence interconnectedwith other cells. An open-cell foam is a foam consistingpredominantly of open or connected cells.orientation (of a crystal), nangular position of a crystaldescribed by the angles which certain crystallographic axesm

47、ake with the frame of reference.orientation (of a grain), nangular position of a graindescribed by the angles which a defined set of axes of thegrain make with the stated frame of reference. Generallyused to characterize the axis of the grain that has the largestphysical extent, for example, in a gr

48、ain of needle coke.orientation (of an object), nangular position of an objectdescribed by the angles which a defined set of axes orsurfaces of the object make with the frame of reference.oxidation of carbon, nchemical combination of carbon withoxygen or oxygen-containing compounds.particle sizing, v

49、segregation of granular material into speci-fied particle size ranges.penetration, ndepths to which one material extends into orpenetrates another.permeability, nproperty measured by the rate of passage ofa fluid under a pressure gradient through a material.pore, nsee void.pore, nin carbon and graphite technology, in a carbon orgraphite foam, passage that interconnects two cells.pore count, nin carbon and graphite technology, in open-cell foams, number of pores aligned in o