ANSI AIIM TR2-1998 Glossary of Document Technologies.pdf

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1、 STD-AIIM TR2-ENGL 1778 I 1012348 05014bb ASSOCIATION FOR INFORMATION AND IMAGE MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL 11 O0 Wayne Avenue Suite 11 O0 Silver Spring, Maryland 2091 O AIIM 301-587-8202 COPYRIGHT Association for Information and to provide an accurate, understandable guide for both the beginner and ex

2、pert. The total number of terms included has been substantially in- creased, although many obsolete terms from the previous edition have been eliminated. In addi- tion, the definitions for the terms retained in this edition have been reviewed and revised as nec- essary to more clearly reflect presen

3、t-day termi- nology. It would be easy to lose the focus of this publication by including all terms from re- lated technologies; therefore a selected listing of other glossaries containing these terms is found in annex B. The Glossary is organized alphabetically (letter by letter without regard for p

4、unctuation) and follows natural word order whenever possible. There are two types of “see“ references: the “see“ which directs the reader to the definition and a “see also“ which directs the reader to related terms or additional information. Defini- tions which have been approved by the Interna- tio

5、nal Standards Organization are designated (ISO). Certain terms, the uses of which are protested, are noted as deprecated. Trade- marks and trade names have not been included. Note the different spelling of disc and disk. When Philips and Sony patented the compact disc they used “disc“, and that is t

6、he spelling we use when referring to CDs. We use “disk“ for all other media. Suggestions for additions, changes and im- provements to this technical report should be sent to the Chair of the AHM Standards Board, Association for Information and Image Man- agement International, 1100 Wayne Ave., Silve

7、r Spring, MD 20910. ASSOCIATION FOR INFORMATION AND IMAGE MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT Association for Information usually found in the form A/D converter, also abbre- viated ADC. address - (1) Coded representation of the destination of data or of their originating ter- minals. NOTE: Multiple

8、terminals on one communication line, for example, must have unique addresses. Messages carry an ad- dress before their text to indicate the desti- nation of the message. (2) Either a specific location in computer memory, a specific lo- cation on a direct access storage device, or a relative location

9、. addressability - Specifies the number of dis- crete picture elements (pixels) that can be addressed using a coordinate system on a display or in the devices supporting a dis- play, e.g., 1,600 x 1,200. The triads in a cathode ray tube display are normally much smaller than the addressable pixel. T

10、he ad- dressable pixel is often smaller than indi- vidually distinguished by the human eye. See also addressable capacity, pixel and resolution. addressable capacity - Number of address- able positions within a specified image. NOTE: To calculate, multiply the address- able vertical positions (row)

11、by the address- able horizontal positions (column). addressable horizontal positions - Number of positions, within an image, at which a full- length vertical line can be placed. addressable point - Any point within an im- age that can be addressed. addressable vertical positions - Number of position

12、s, within an image, at which a full- length horizontal line can be placed. adhesive card - Aperture card having on the face or back a peripheral band of adhesive tape surrounding and extending into the ap- erture, to which a chip of microfilm is affixed by its edges (EO). adhesive face - Aperture ca

13、rd position in which the tape is on the face (printed sur- face) and the tacky surface is toward the re- verse side of the card. See also aperture adhesive and aperture card. adhesive reverse - Aperture adhesive position in which the tape is on the reverse side and the tacky surface is toward the fa

14、ce (printed surface) side of the card. aging - Changes in characteristics of materials related to time. aging blemish - See redox blemish. agitate - To move intermittently or constantly during processing. NOTE: This movement may occur when moving the film or paper or by moving the processing solutio

15、ns. agitation - The act of moving a photographic film, plate or paper in a processing bath or moving the bath relative to the photographic material during processing. AI - See artificial intelligence. AHM - See Association for Information and air bells - See air bubbles. air bubbles - (1) Pockets of

16、 air that prevent contact between a processing bath and lo- calized areas on the surface of a photo- graphic material. (2) Undeveloped spots on negatives or prints caused by air pockets that prevented access by the developer to the film. (3) Voids in optical glass. Image Management International. 2

17、ASSOCIATION FOR INFORMATION AND IMAGE MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT Association for Information usually electrical voltage, frequency, resistance or mechanical transla- tion or rotation. analog data - (1) Information in human read- able form. It may be a duplicate, enlarged or reduced in size f

18、rom the original. (2) Per- taining to data that consists of continuously variable physical quantities (ISO). See also data, duplicate andoriginal. analogidigital (ND) - Process of converting a continuous electrical current or signal into a discrete digital form. analog monitor - Device that uses an

19、analog signal; the voltage that determines the brightness of each color component varies continuously. Capable in theory of displaying an infinite number of shades of the primary colors. analog transmission - Transmission of elec- tronic signals analogous to tonal variations constituting the content

20、 of a document page or any form of original graphics; representa- tion of visual tonal variations at the input of a scanning system by proportional variations in strength or frequency of a transmitted elec- trical current. angstrom - (deprecated) See nanometer. anion - Ion that has a negative electr

21、ical charge. annotation - Note added by way of comment, explanation or mark to provide pertinent de- tail. In electronic imaging systems, annota- tions may be typed, inserted with a light pen or digitizing tablet or pointing device such as a mouse. ASSOCIATION FOR INFORMATION AND IMAGE MANAGEMENT IN

22、TERNATIONAL 3 COPYRIGHT Association for Information an anti-glare screen placed in front of the face of the display tube; or an etched glass surface that reduces glare. antihalation - Reduction of halation (light scattering and/or reflection) within a surface, e.g., film. NOTE: Four common methods a

23、re used to reduce halation. (1) Tint the film base with a light-absorbing dye. (2) Coat the back of the film with a light-absorbing mate- rial. (3) Introduce a layer of light-absorbing dye between the base and the emulsion. See also antihalation undercoat. (4) Tint in the emulsion layer. antihalatio

24、n backing - Opaque coating on the back of the film to suppress light reflection. See also backcoating and dye-back film. antihalation undercoat - Separate layer of light-absorbing dye located between the film emulsion and the base to suppress light re- flection. During processing of this film, the d

25、ye layer becomes transparent. APA COM - See all points addressable COM recorder. aperture - (1) Rectangular opening in an ap- erture card that is specifically designed to hold a chip of microfilm of a specified size (ISO). (2) In an optical system, an opening through which light can pass (ISO). aper

26、ture adhesive - Adhesive material for holding microfilm in the aperture of an aper- ture card (ISO). aperture card - Card with one or more open- ings specifically designed for the mounting or insertion of microfilm before or after imaging aperture card mounter - Device, generally equipped with a pos

27、itioning screen, that after cutting a chip of microfilm between film frames, secures it within the aperture of an aperture card (ISO). aperture card punch field - Area on an ap- erture card reserved for punching, e.g., hol- lerith code (ISO). aperture card scanner - Device for scanning microimages i

28、n aperture cards (60). NOTE: Some scanners can also read alphanumeric information punched in the card. See also aperture card, reader-scanner andscanning. aperture disk - Disk with a small, round ap- erture, usually 1 to 3 mm in diameter, that is used in a densitometer to vary the amount of light se

29、nsed or the area covered in meas- urement. aperture slit - Narrow rectangular opening in the optical system of a rotary camera, through which light passes from the continu- ously moving document to the synchronized moving film; or in certain types of projection printers, an opening through which lig

30、ht passes through continuously moving film to the synchronized, moving surface being ex- posed. aperture stop - Physical element (such as an opening, diaphragm or a lens periphery) of an optical system that limits the amount of light traversing the system. (ISO). API - See application program interf

31、ace. application platform - Set of resources that support the services on which application software will run. The application piatform provides services at its interfaces that, as much as possible, make the specific char- acteristics of the platform irrelevant to the application software. See also

32、application program interface, application software and software. application program interface (API) - Inter- face between the application software and the application platform, across which all services are provided. The application pro- gram interface primarily supports application portability, b

33、ut system and application in- teroperability are also supported by a com- 4 ASSOCIATION FOR INFORMATION AND IMAGE MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT Association for Information 2) providing a system with an alternate power source to protect data in volatile memory in the event of a power failure; an

34、d/or 3) providing a re- backbone - High-capacity common distribu- tion core that provides communication serv- ices to sectors of a network. NOTE: Some- times referred to as the “spine“ of the net- work. See also backbone network and network. dundant system. backbone network - Transmission facility o

35、r arrangement of facilities designed to inter- connect lower speed distribution channels or clusters of dispersed users or devices. backcoat - See backcoating and dye-back film. backcoating - Light-absorbing sensitive layer on the back of a film base stock. See also dye-back film. backfile conversio

36、n - Process of scanning, indexing and inspecting a large existing col- lection of documents. See also document, indexing and scanning. back files - Documents and files related to prior transactions that are retained in an ar- chive. See also document. background - (1) Portion of a document, drawing,

37、 microform or print that does not in- clude the line work, lettering or other infor- mation. (2) Simultaneous, non-interrupting, execution of an automatic program while the computer is being used for something else. background density - See background and density. backlight - See subsurface illumina

38、tor. back projection - See rear projection. backward compatibility - Ability of current software and hardware to use information produced by a previous generation of soft- ware and hardware (ISO). See also upward compatibility. bandwidth - (1) Number of hertz expressing the difference between the lo

39、wer and upper limiting frequencies of a frequency band. (2) Width of a band of frequencies. (3) Maxi- mum number of information units (bits, char- acters) capable of traversing a communica- tions path per second. See also channel. bandwidth on demand - Concept in wide area networking (WAN) in which

40、the user can request additional WAN bandwidth as the application warrants. It enables users to pay for only the bandwidth they use, when they use it. See also bandwidth, network and wide area network. bar code - Array of vertical rectangular marks and spaces in a predetermined pattern. bar code scan

41、ner - Device used to read such bar codes as the Universal Product Code by means of reflected light. bar-code symbol - Machine-generated and readable representation of data (usually nu- meric) in the form of a printed series of con- trasting parallel bars of various widths, spacing and/or heights. ba

42、ck-projection reader - See rear-projection bar coding - See photo-optical coding. reader. 8 ASSOCIATION FOR INFORMATION AND IMAGE MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT Association for Information $ Lower intersection, ,Y% 520 (Medium contrast diazo) Tangent (bar gamma) of 52“ is 1.28. Note: Ait is cour

43、tesy of Harold Dorfman Bar gamma ASSOCIATION FOR INFORMATION AND IMAGE MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL 9 COPYRIGHT Association for Information also used to remove unwanted dyes in certain direct reversal color processes bleach-fix - Chemicals which combine the action of bleach and fixer (ISO). bleaching -

44、Process of converting the metallic silver photographic image into a compound of silver halide in preparation for toning, in- tensifying, reducing or complete removal as in reversal processing. bleaching bath - In reversal processing, a bath used to convert the primary silver image to soluble compoun

45、ds that are washed out of the emulsion. bleed - (1) Line-width change or a change in the character of the edge of a line usually due to overexposure or overdevelopment. (2) Lateral spread or diffusion of an image. bleed-through - Undesired appearance of information from the back of a document when i

46、ts front is photographed or scanned. (ISO). blemish - See redox blemish. blip - See image mark. blip mark - See image mark. blip encoder - See document mark encoder. blister - (1) Defect in photographic material in which the emulsion separates from the base. (2) In optics, an elongated bubble, ellip

47、tical in shape. BLOB - See binary large objects. block - (1) Basic layout component that corre- sponds to a rectangular area within a frame or a page. (2) Set such as documents, words, characters or digits handled as a unit. block error correction - Application of data recovery methods to a physical

48、 block of data ASSOCIATION FOR INFORMATION AND IMAGE MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL 11 COPYRIGHT Association for Information alternatively, a stream of continuous bit errors or erasures. bus - (1) In computer architecture, an internal path by which data travels to and from vari- ous components of a system

49、. (2) In data communications, a network topology in which stations are arranged along a linear medium (e.g., a length of cable). See also network (ISO). topology. business process - Logically related set of workflows, worksteps, and tasks that provide a product or service to customers. A busi- ness process is comprised of multiple work- flows. See also workflow and business proc- ess reengineering/business process redesign (BPR). business process reengineering/business process redesign (BPR) - Comprehensive approach to reorganization. Alters a busi- ness process to match the current business