ANSI AGMA 1012-G05-2005 Gear Nomenclature Definition of Terms with Symbols.pdf

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1、ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05(Revision of ANSI/AGMA 1012-F90)Reaffirmed March 2011American National StandardGear Nomenclature, Definitionof Terms with SymbolsANSI/AGMA1012-G05iiGear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with SymbolsANSI/AGMA 1012-G05Revision of ANSI/AGMA 1012-F90ApprovalofanAmericanNationalStanda

2、rdrequiresverificationbyANSIthattherequire-ments for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by thestandards developer.Consensusisestablishedwhen,inthejudgmentoftheANSIBoardofStandardsReview,substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected inte

3、rests.Substantialagreementmeansmuchmorethanasimplemajority,butnotnecessarilyuna-nimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that aconcerted effort be made toward their resolution.TheuseofAmericanNationalStandardsiscompletelyvoluntary;theirexistencedoesnotin any respec

4、t preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, frommanufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures notconforming to the standards.The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in nocircumstances give an interpretatio

5、n of any American National Standard. Moreover, noperson shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation ofan American NationalStandardinthenameoftheAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute. Requestsforinterpre-tation of this standard should be addressed to the American Gear ManufacturersAssoc

6、iation.CAUTION NOTICE: AGMA technical publications are subject to constant improvement,revision, or withdrawal as dictated by experience. Any person who refers to any AGMAtechnical publication should be sure that the publication is the latest available from theAssociation on the subject matter.Table

7、sorotherself-supportingsectionsmaybereferenced. Citationsshouldread: SeeANSI/AGMA 1012-G05, Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols, pub-lished by the American Gear Manufacturers Association, 500 Montgomery Street, Suite350, Alexandria, Virginia 22314, http:/www.agma.org.Approved Septem

8、ber 29, 2005ABSTRACTThis standard lists terms and their definitions with symbols for gear nomenclature.Published byAmerican Gear Manufacturers Association500 Montgomery Street, Suite 350, Alexandria, Virginia 22314Copyright 2005 by American Gear Manufacturers AssociationAll rights reserved.No part o

9、f this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronicretrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher.Printed in the United States of AmericaISBN: 1-55589-846-7AmericanNationalStandardANSI/AGMA 1012-G05AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDiii AGMA 2005 - All rights

10、reservedContentsForeword iv.1 Scope 1.2 Normative references 1.3 Terms and symbols 1.4 Geometric definitions 24.1 General designations 24.2 Kinds of gears 34.3 Principal planes 74.4 Principal directions 94.5 Surfaces and dimensions 94.6 Terms related to gear teeth 144.7 Terms related to gear pairs 2

11、64.8 Terms related to tooth contact in a gear pair 27.5 Inspection definitions 30.Bibliography 75.Index of terms 53AnnexesA Abbreviations 41.B Glossary of trade terms 42.C Terms and symbols 43ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDiv AGMA 2005 - All rights reservedForewordThe foreword, footnot

12、es and annexes, if any, in this document are provided forinformational purposes only and are not to be construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA1012-G05, Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols.In1926theAGMAadoptedarecommendedpracticeforgearingnomenclature,termsanddefinitions. It included some s

13、ymbols and abbreviations.A complete revision of terms and definitions by the AGMA Nomenclature Committee wasissuedasAGMA112.02inOctober,1948. ThislaterbecameAGMA112.03,andAmericanStandard B6.10-1954, with ASME as a co-sponsor.A separate project dealing with Letter Symbols for Gear Engineering appear

14、ed in 1943 asAGMA 111.01, later becoming AGMA 111.03 and American Standard B6.5-1954.AbbreviationsforGearingwasanotherseparateprojectreleasedasAGMA116.01in1955.Most of these abbreviations were already listed in American Standard Z32.13-1950AbbreviationsforUseonDrawings,anditwas,therefore,unnecessary

15、to processgearingabbreviations as a separate American Standard. The number of abbreviations used ingearing has intentionally been kept very small to permit memorizing without the need torefer to the standard.AGMAStandard112.04,GearNomenclature(Geometry)Terms,Definitions,SymbolsandAbbreviations, was

16、a complete revision and integration of the three standards previouslymentioned. Because of the widespread acceptance of the previous standards, changeswerekepttoaminimum. ThestandardinthisformwasapprovedbytheAGMAMembershipon April 25, 1965.AGMA 112.05 included several revisions to keep it abreast of

17、 the then current gearingtechniques. ItwasapprovedbyStandardsCommitteeB6,Gears,theCo-Secretariatsandthe American National Standards Institute on February 3, 1976 and designated ANSIB6.14-1976.ANSI/AGMA1012-F90wasarevisionof112.05. ThisrevisionincorporatedthetermsfromAGMA Standard 116.01 (Oct., 1972)

18、, Glossary of Terms Used in Gearing, and terms fromANSI/AGMA 2000-A88, Gear Classification and Inspection Handbook, Tolerances andMeasuring Methods for Unassembled Spur and Helical Gears (Including MetricEquivalents). Inaddition,termswhichstartedtobecommonlyusedingearloadratingwereintroduced in the

19、annex.ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05 is a revision that updates the style of presentation, reordered thesequenceofsometerms,addeddefinitionsforrightandleftflank,andmodifiedannexesBand C.The first draft of ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05 was made in June 2002. It was approved by theAGMA membership in July, 2005. It was appro

20、ved as an American National Standard onSeptember 29, 2005.Suggestionsforimprovementofthisstandardwillbewelcome. TheyshouldbesenttotheAmericanGearManufacturersAssociation,500MontgomeryStreet,Suite350,Alexandria,Virginia 22314.ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDv AGMA 2005 - All rights reserv

21、edPERSONNEL of the AGMA Nomenclature CommitteeChairman: Dwight Smith Cole Manufacturing Systems.ACTIVE MEMBERSM.R. Chaplin Contour Hardening, Inc.R.L. Errichello GEARTECH.O.A. LaBath Gear Consulting Services of Cincinnati, LLCT. Miller CST CincinnatiJ.M. Rinaldo Atlas Copco Comptec, Inc.ANSI/AGMA 10

22、12-G05 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDvi AGMA 2005 - All rights reserved(This page is intentionally blank)1 AGMA 2005 - All rights reservedANSI/AGMA 1012-G05AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDAmerican National Standard -Gear Nomenclature,Definitions of Terms withSymbols1 ScopeThis standard establishes the definit

23、ions of terms,symbols and abbreviations which may be used tocommunicate the technology and specifications ofexternalandinternalgearteeth. Itprovidesdefinitivemeanings by the use of words and illustrations, forcommonly used gearing terms.2 Normative referencesThe following documents contain provision

24、s which,throughreferenceinthistext,constituteprovisionsofthe standard. At the time ofpublication, the editionswere valid. All publications are subject to revision,and the users of this standard are encouraged toinvestigatethepossibilityofapplyingthemostrecenteditions of the publications listed.ISO 7

25、01:1998, International gear notation -Symbols for geometrical data.3 Terms and symbols3.1 TermsTheterminologyusedinthisstandardisintendedforuse in all AGMA documents and is summarized inthe index.Manytermsarelistedintheindexmorethanoncebyrestating alphabetically with rearranged key words,to aid user

26、 look-up of related terms.3.2 SymbolsThepurposeofstandardsymbolsforgearengineer-ingistoestablishauniformpracticeinmathematicalnotation for equations and formulas dealing withtoothedgearing. Suchequationsandcorrespondingcalculationsmaybeusedinconnectionwithdesign,application,manufacture,inspection,ne

27、wmethods,and new problems.NOTE: The symbols and definitions used in this stan-dard may differ from other AGMA standards. The usershould not assume that familiar symbols can be usedwithout a careful study of these definitions.SI (metric) units of measure, where applicable, areshown in the text. Where

28、 equations require adifferent format or constant for use with SI units, theprimary equation has an (M) appended and thesecondary expression is shown after the first,indented.Example:d = zm(2M)D =NPd(2)Symbols must be distinguished from abbreviationswhich are shortened forms of words often used ondra

29、wings and in tables, but not suitable for mathe-matical work (see annex A). For example, thesymbol for circular pitch is p, whereas the abbrevi-ation is CP.AGMA is changing to use symbols consistent withsymbols used by ISO. In the definition titles, wherethe old AGMA symbol is still commonly used bu

30、tdiffers from the ISO symbol, both symbols are listedwith the ISO symbol at the end of the line. Annex Ccontains an alphabetical list of the old symbols withthe new symbols also listed.3.2.1 SubscriptsA subscript following the general symbol may beusedtoindicateavalueapplyingtoaparticulargearortool,

31、oravaluetakenataparticularpositionorinaparticular direction. For convenience and brevity, itis desirable to use a general symbol without asubscript when only one value of a given kind isinvolved. Thus, in a spur gear or a straight-toothbevel gear, there is occasion to consider only onecross section

32、of the teeth, namely, the transverseANSI/AGMA 1012-G05 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD2 AGMA 2005 - All rights reservedsection, and it is convenient and natural to refer, forinstance, simply to the circular pitch, p, and thepressure angle, . In the case of gears with obliqueteeth,ontheotherhand,itisusual

33、lynecessarytobespecific and to refer to the transverse pitch, pt, andthe transverse pressure angle, t, in order not toleaveanydoubtastowhethervaluesarebeinggivenfor the transverse plane or normal plane.3.2.2 TypographyIn accordance with the usual practice in publishedtext, symbols, whether upper or

34、lower case, shouldbe printed in serif italic font. This is done to avoidconfusion in reading the symbols and to make adistinction between upper and lower case. Anexception is Greek capital letters and all subscripts,which are always vertical sans serif font.Numbers appearing as coefficients, subscri

35、pts,superscripts, or exponents should be printed invertical Arabic numerals. Abbreviations shouldalwaysbeprintedverticalandarenotrecommendedfor use in formulas. Trigonometric functions shouldbe printed in lower case vertical type. Standardmathematical notation should be followed.4 Geometric definiti

36、onsThere is an old Chinese proverb that states: Thebeginning of wisdom is to call things by their rightnames. Unfortunately,gearingtermsandmeaningsvary in different offices, shops, textbooks, andamong gear authorities.To obtain related continuity, the terms have beengrouped in what may be called a t

37、extbook arrange-ment in preference to alphabetical order. Many ofthedefinitionshavebeenwritteninawaythatmakesthem depend on one another, as a logical series.This arrangement leads to a more comprehensiveunderstanding of the concepts and geometricalrelations.4.1 General designations4.1.1 GearsGearsar

38、emachineelementsthattransmitmotionbymeansofsuccessivelyengagingteeth,seefigure1.4.1.2 Gear (wheel)Agear (wheel) is a machine partwith gear teeth. Oftwo gears that run together, the one with the largernumber of teeth is called the gear, see figure 1.(Wheel per ISO 1122-1:1998).PinionGear(wheel)RackFi

39、gure 1 - Gears4.1.3 PinionA pinion is a machine part with gear teeth. Of twogears that run together, the one with the smallernumber of teeth is called the pinion, see figure 1.4.1.4 WormAwormisagearwithoneormoreteethintheformofscrew threads, see figures 2 and 9.Figure 2 - Worm4.1.5 RackA rack is a g

40、ear with teeth spaced along a straightline, and suitable for straight line motion. It can beregardedaspartofagearofinfinitelylargediameter,seefigure1.4.1.6 Basic rackFor everypair ofconjugate involute profiles,there isabasicrack(see4.7.1). Thisbasicrackistheprofileof the conjugate gear of infinite p

41、itch radius, seefigure 3.ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD3 AGMA 2005 - All rights reservedProfile angleFigure 3 - Basic rack in normal plane4.1.7 Generating rackA generating rack is a rack outline used to indicatetooth details and dimensions for the design of agenerating tool, such as a

42、hob or a gear shapercutter.4.1.8 Number of teeth or threads, N, zNumber of teeth or threads is the number of teethcontained in the whole circumference of the pitchcircle.4.1.9 Gear ratio, mG, uGear ratio is the ratio of the larger to the smallernumber of teeth in a pair of gears.u =z2z1(1M)mG=NGNP(1

43、)4.2 Kinds of gears4.2.1 External gearAn external gear is one with the teeth formed on theouter surface of a cylinder or cone, see figure 4.External gear Internal gearInternal bevel gearExternal bevel gearFigure 4 - External and internal gears4.2.2 Internal gearAn internal gear is one with the teeth

44、 formed on theinnersurfaceofacylinderorcone. For bevelgears,aninternalgearisonewiththepitchangleexceeding90, see figure 4.Aninternalgearcanbemeshedonlywithanexternalpinion.4.2.3 Parallel axis gearsGears which operate on parallel axes. Externalhelical gears on parallel axes have helices ofopposite ha

45、nds,see figure5. Ifoneofthemembersisaninternalgear,thehelicesareofthesamehand.Left handRight handFigure 5 - Parallel helical gears4.2.3.1 Spur gearA spur gear has a cylindrical pitch surface and teeththat are parallel to the axis, see figure 6.PinionGearRackFigure 6 - Spur gearsANSI/AGMA 1012-G05 AM

46、ERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD4 AGMA 2005 - All rights reserved4.2.3.2 Spur rackA spur rack has a planar pitch surface and straightteeth that are at right angles to the direction ofmotion, see figure 6.4.2.3.3 Helical gearA helical gear has a cylindrical pitch surface andteeth that are helical, see figure

47、 7.4.2.3.4 Helical rackA helical rack has a planar pitch surface and teeththat are oblique to the direction of motion, seefigure 7.Helical rackHelical gearFigure 7 - Helical gear and rack4.2.3.5 Single helical gearsSingle helical gears have teeth of only one hand oneach gear, see figure 8.4.2.3.6 Do

48、uble helical gearsDouble helical gears have teeth of both right handandlefthandoneachgear. Theteethareseparatedby a gap between the helices. Where there is nogap, they are known as herringbone, see figure 8.4.2.3.7 Herringbone gearsHerringbonegearshaveteethofbothrighthandandleft hand on each gear. T

49、he teeth are continuouswithout a gap between the helices, see figure 8.Single helicalgearsDouble helicalgearsHerringbonegearsFigure 8 - Single and double helical4.2.4 WormgearingWormgearing includes worms and their matinggears. The axes are usually at right angles, seefigure 9.EnvelopingwormgearCylindrical(non-enveloping)wormgearCylindricalwormFigure 9 - Wormgearing4.2.4.1 Wormgear (wormwheel)A wormgear (wormwheel) is the mate to a worm. Awormgear that is completely conjugate to its wormhas line contact