API TR 756-1-2014 Process Plant Tent Responses to Vapor Cloud Explosions-Results of the American Petroleum Institute Tent Testing Program.pdf

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1、Process Plant Tent Responses to Vapor Cloud ExplosionsResults of the American Petroleum Institute Tent Testing ProgramAPI TECHNICAL REPORT 756-1SEPTEMBER 2014Process Plant Tent Responses to Vapor Cloud ExplosionsResults of the American Petroleum Institute Tent Testing ProgramDownstream SegmentAPI TE

2、CHNICAL REPORT 756-1SEPTEMBER 2014Prepared for API by:Raymond H. Bennett, P.E., Ph.D.Martin Goodrich, P.E.Brad HornBaker Engineering and Risk Consultants, Inc.3330 Oakwell Court, Suite 100San Antonio, TX 78218Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respec

3、t to particular circumstances, local,state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make anywarranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness

4、, or usefulness of theinformation contained herein, or assume any liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of anyinformation or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors,consultants, or other assignees represent that use

5、of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure theaccuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, orgu

6、arantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss ordamage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication mayconflict.API publications are published to facilitate the bro

7、ad availability of proven, sound engineering and operatingpractices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgmentregarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publicationsis not intended in an

8、y way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standardis solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent,warrant, or guarante

9、e that such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission f

10、rom the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Copyright 2014 American Petroleum InstituteForewordNothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for themanufacture, sale, or u

11、se of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anythingcontained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Director of Regulatory and Scient

12、ific Affairs, API,1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.iiiNOTICE Baker Engineering and Risk Consultants, Inc. (BakerRisk) made every reasonable effort to perform the work contained herein in a manner consistent with high professional standards. The work was conducted on the basis of information m

13、ade available by the client or others to BakerRisk. Neither BakerRisk nor any person acting on its behalf makes any warranty or representation, expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information provided. All observations, conclusions and recommendatio

14、ns contained herein are relevant only to the project, and should not be applied to any other facility or operation. Any third party use of this Report or any information or conclusions contained therein shall be at the users sole risk. Such use shall constitute an agreement by the user to release, d

15、efend and indemnify BakerRisk from and against any and all liability in connection therewith (including any liability for special, indirect, incidental or consequential damages), regardless of how such liability may arise. BakerRisk regards the work that it has done as being advisory in nature. The

16、responsibility for use and implementation of the conclusions and recommendations contained herein rests entirely with the client. i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The American Petroleum Institute (API) contracted with Baker Engineering and Risk Consultants, Inc. (BakerRisk) to perform vapor cloud explosion (VCE)

17、 tests to determine the response of tents to the potential explosion hazards that may be present at refineries, petrochemical and chemical operations, and natural gas and other onshore process facilities covered by OSHA 29 CFR 1910.119. The testing was conducted to provide data for use by the API co

18、mmittee developing API Recommended Practice (RP) 756, “Management of Hazards Associated with Location of Process Plant Tents”. The tests were originally designed to serve multiple purposes: provide data on response of tents to a variety of blast loads ranging from 0.6 psi to 1.5 psi, identify the fa

19、ilure modes for different types of tents, and obtain data on tent response to support estimates on the vulnerability of tent occupants. As the testing was performed, it became apparent that the tents being tested could withstand higher pressures than originally envisioned. The test program was there

20、fore modified to accommodate the observed behavior. The development and modifications to the scope of the test program are discussed in the report. The following three series of tests were conducted. A Series Three types of non-wind rated tents were tested with the long side of the tents facing the

21、blast source. B Series The same types of tents were rotated 90 degrees and retested at higher loads. C Series Three types of engineered tents (designed for 90 mph 3 second wind gusts) were tested at two different pressures. Subsequent to the completion of the API-funded tests, BakerRisk performed tw

22、o additional tests to evaluate the DLG performance, as internal research. The response of the tents in these internal research tests, including the response of contents added to the tents, is discussed in this report. The Explosion Research Cooperative (ERC) participants voted to release the data fr

23、om a series of shock tube tests performed under their sponsorship that addressed the potential for the contents of a tent to become airborne. The data, in term of object mass and velocity, are provided in this report. This report presents data only and does not provide any summary or conclusions on

24、the acceptability of a tent siting approach. ii Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . I 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1 2 OVERVIEW AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE API TEST PROGRAM . 2 2.1 Originally Planned Test Matrix . 2 2.2 Final Test Matrix 4 2.3 Instrumentation and Camera Coverage . 6 2.3.1 Instrumentat

25、ion Locations 6 2.3.2 Camera Coverage 6 3 A SERIES TESTS 8 3.1 Tents Included . 8 3.2 Test Bed Layout 8 3.3 Results of Test A02 . 8 3.3.1 Test Pressures . 8 3.3.2 Tent Response . 13 3.4 Results of Test A03 . 13 3.4.1 Test Pressures . 13 3.4.2 Tent Response . 13 3.5 Summary and Findings Test Series A

26、 . 13 4 B SERIES TESTS 20 4.1 Tents Included . 20 4.2 Test Bed Layout 20 4.3 Results of Test B01 . 20 4.3.1 Pressures Measured 20 4.3.2 Tent Response . 20 4.4 Results - Test B06 . 30 4.4.1 Pressures Measured 30 4.4.2 Tent Response . 30 4.5 Results Test B08 . 41 4.5.1 Pressure Measured 41 iii 4.5.2 T

27、ent Response 41 4.6 Summary and Findings from Test Series B . 41 5 C SERIES TESTS 50 5.1 Tents Included . 50 5.2 Test C01 Test Bed Layout . 54 5.3 Results Test C01 54 5.3.1 Pressures Measured 54 5.3.2 Tent Response 54 5.4 Test C02 Test Bed Layout . 66 5.5 Results of Test C2 . 67 5.5.1 Pressures Meas

28、ured 67 5.5.2 Tent Responses . 68 5.6 Summary and Findings of the C Series Tests . 68 6 FOLLOW-ON TESTS PERFORMED BY BAKERRISK . 76 7 RESULTS OF EXPLOSION RESEARCH COOPERATIVE TEST ON TENT CONTENTS 79 7.1 Test Layouts 79 7.2 Results 84 8 SUMMARY OF ALL API TEST DATA 87 ANNEXES Annex A. Descriptions

29、of Tents Tested . A-1 Annex B. Test Series A - Full Plots of Pressure Data B-1 Annex C. Test Series B - Full Plots of Test Data . C-1 Annex D. Test Series C - Full Plots of Test Data D-1 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. VCE Deflagration Load Generator Test Rig . 1 Figure 2. Typical Test Layout Showing T

30、ent Locations . 4 Figure 3. Pressure Gauge Layout Front View of Tent - Facing Explosion 7 Figure 4. Pressure Gage Layout Side View of Tent 7 Figure 5. Pole Tent with Sides . 9 Figure 6. Light Framed Tent with Guy Wires . 9 Figure 7. Pole Tent without Sides 10 Figure 8. Layout of Tents for Test Serie

31、s A . 10 Figure 9. Internal vs. External Pressure, Non-Wind Rated Pole Tent with Sides, Test A02 . 12 Figure 10. Internal vs. External Pressure, Non-Wind Rated Frame Tent, Test A02 12 Figure 11. Internal vs. External Pressure, Non-Wind Rated Pole Tent with Sides, Test A03 . 15 Figure 12. Internal vs

32、. External Pressure, Non-Wind Rated Frame Tent, Test A03 15 Figure 13. Damage to Non-Wind Rated Pole Tent with Sides, Test A03 . 16 Figure 14. Rope to Wall Panel Connection, Non-Wind Rated Pole Tent w/ Sides, Test A03 . 16 Figure 15. Damage to Light Frame Tent, Test A03 . 17 Figure 16. Damage to Hin

33、ge of Roof Frame Member, Light Frame Tent, Test A03 17 Figure 17. Deformations of Light Frame Tent, Test A03 18 Figure 18. 3D Rendering of Deformed Light Frame Tent, Test A03 19 Figure 19. Layout of Tents for Test Series B . 21 Figure 20. Comparison of Internal and External Pressure Tent B, Test B01

34、 23 Figure 21. Pole Tent with Sides Post Test B01 . 23 Figure 22. Interior of Pole Tent with Sides Test B01 . 24 Figure 23. Light Frame Tent Post Test B01 . 24 Figure 24. Interior of Light Frame Tent Post-Test B01 25 Figure 25. Pole Tent without Sides Post Test B01 25 Figure 26. Deformations of Pole

35、 Tent with Sides Test B01 . 26 Figure 27. Deformation of Light Frame Tent Test B01 27 Figure 28. Deformations of Pole Tent without Sides Test B01 28 Figure 29. 3D Rendering of Frame Deformations Test B01 29 Figure 30. Comparison of Internal and External Pressure Tent B, Test B06 32 Figure 31. Compar

36、ison of Internal and External Pressure Tent C, Test B06 32 v Figure 32. Pole Tent with Sides Post Test B06 . 33 Figure 33. Interior of Pole Tent with Sides Post-Test B06 . 33 Figure 34. Rear of Light Frame Tent Post-Test B08 . 34 Figure 35. Exterior of Light Frame Tent Post-Test B06 . 34 Figure 36.

37、Interior of Light Frame Tent Post-Test B06 35 Figure 37. Bent Frame on Light Frame Tent Post Test B06 35 Figure 38. Pole Tent without Sides Post-Test B06 36 Figure 39. Deformations of Pole Tent with Sides Test B06 . 37 Figure 40. Deformations of Light Frame Tent Test B06 38 Figure 41. Deformations o

38、f Pole Tent without Sides Test B06 39 Figure 42. 3D Rendering of Light Frame Tent Deformations Test B06 . 40 Figure 43. Comparison of Internal and External Pressure Tent A, Test B08 43 Figure 44. Pole Tent with Sides Post-Test B08 . 43 Figure 45. Interior of Pole Tent with Sides Post-Test B08 . 44 F

39、igure 46. Light Frame Tent Post-Test B08 44 Figure 47. Interior of Light Frame Tent Post-Test B08 45 Figure 48. Pole Tent without Sides Post-Test B08 45 Figure 49. Deformations of Pole Tent Test B08 46 Figure 50. Deformations of Light Frame Tent Test B08 47 Figure 51. Deformations of Pole Tent witho

40、ut Sides Test B08 48 Figure 52. 3D Rendering of Light Frame Tent Test B08 49 Figure 53. Exterior View of 90 mph Pole Tent Test Bed Location A Pre-Test 51 Figure 54. Internal View of 90 mph Rated Pole Tent Pre-Test 51 Figure 55. External View of Moment Framed Tent Test Bed Location B Pre-Test 52 Figu

41、re 56. Internal View of Moment Framed Tent Showing Frames and Cross Bracing . 52 Figure 57. External View of 90 mph Light Framed Tent Test Bed Location C Pre-Test . 53 Figure 58. Internal View of Light Framed Tent 53 Figure 59. Layout of Tents for Test C01 55 Figure 60. Pressure Gauge Layout Test C0

42、1, C02 Front View of Tent Facing Explosion . 55 Figure 61. Front of Pole Tent Test C01 57 Figure 62. Rear of Pole Tent Test C01 57 Figure 63. Damage to Connector at Top of Perimeter Pole 58 vi Figure 64. Example of Failed Connector at Top of Side Pole 58 Figure 65. Deformations of Tent A Test C01 59

43、 Figure 66. Damage to Front of Framed Tent Test C01 . 60 Figure 67. Damage to Rear of Framed Tent Test C01 . 60 Figure 68. Damage to Framing Joint Test C01 . 61 Figure 69. Failed Bolted Connection of Framed Tent Test C01 61 Figure 70. Detail of Failed Horizontal Member Test C01 62 Figure 71. Deforma

44、tions of Framed Tent Test C01 63 Figure 72. Damage to Front of Light Framed Tent Test C01 64 Figure 73. Deformations of Light Framed Tent Test C01 . 65 Figure 74. Layout of Tents for Test C2 66 Figure 75. Damage to Pole Tent Test C02 . 69 Figure 76. Bent Pole on Pole Tent Test C02 69 Figure 77. Defo

45、rmations of Pole Tent Test C02 . 70 Figure 78. Damage to Side of Framed Tent Test C2 71 Figure 79. Damage to Rear of Framed Tent Test C02 . 71 Figure 80. Deformations of Framed Tent Test C02 72 Figure 81. Damage to Light Framed Tent Test C02 . 73 Figure 82. Bending of Side Frame Test C02 73 Figure 8

46、3. Bending of Roof Frames Test C02 74 Figure 84. Failure of Roof Frame Connector Test C02 . 74 Figure 85. Deformations of Light Framed Tent Test C02 . 75 Figure 86. Pre-Test Photo of Tent Contents 77 Figure 87. Close-up View of Materials on Table 77 Figure 88. Post Test View of Pole Tent Tent and Co

47、ntents . 78 Figure 89. Damage to Pole Tent and Displacement of Table and Chairs 78 Figure 90. Test Layout A, Lunch Room with Plastic Table 79 Figure 91. Test Layout A, Lunch Room with Wooden Table . 81 Figure 92. Test Layout B, Lunch Room with Plastic Table, Rotated 81 Figure 93. Test Layout C, Lunc

48、h Room with Tall Standing Objects . 82 Figure 94. Test Layout D, Simulation of Welding Enclosure 82 Figure 95. Test Layout E, Simulation of Warehouse . 83 Figure 96. Test 1, Pre- and Post-Test Photographs 85 Figure 97. Test 2, Pre- and Post-Test Photographs 85 vii Figure 98. Test 3, Pre- and Post-Te

49、st Photographs 85 Figure 99. Test 5, Pre- and Post-Test Photographs 86 Figure 100. Test 6, Pre- and Post-Test Photographs 86 Figure 101. Test 8, Pre- and Post-Test Photographs 86 Figure 102. Test 9, Pre- and Post-Test Photographs 87 Figure 103. Test 10, Pre- and Post-Test Photographs 87 Figure 104. All API Test Data Shown in Pressure-Impulse Space 88 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Originally Planned Test Matrix . 3 Table 2. Final Test Matrix 5 Table 3. Peak Pressures and Positive Phase Impulses Recorded for Test A