API RP 13L-2017 Training and Qualification of Drilling Fluid Technologists (SECOND EDITION).pdf

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1、Training and Qualification of Drilling Fluid TechnologistsAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 13LSECOND EDITION, NOVEMBER 2017Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local,state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewe

2、d.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make anywarranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of theinformation contained herein, or assume any liability or responsibility

3、for any use, or the results of such use, of anyinformation or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors,consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights.API publications may be use

4、d by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure theaccuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, orguarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or re

5、sponsibility for loss ordamage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication mayconflict.API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operatingpractices. These publications are no

6、t intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgmentregarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publicationsis not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or m

7、aterials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standardis solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent,warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.All rights reserved. No

8、 part of this work may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, NW, Washingt

9、on, DC 20005.Copyright 2017 American Petroleum InstituteForewordNothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for themanufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anythingcont

10、ained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.The verbal forms used to express the provisions in this standard are as follows: the term “shall” denotes a minimum requirement in order to conform to the standard; the term “should” denotes

11、 a recommendation or that which is advised but not required in order to conform to thestandard; the term “may” is used to express permission or a provision that is optional; and the term “can” is used to express possibility or capability.This document was produced under API standardization procedure

12、s that ensure appropriate notification andparticipation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning theinterpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under whichthis publication was developed should be

13、 directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American PetroleumInstitute, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any partof the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.Generally, API standards are reviewed an

14、d revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-timeextension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from theAPI Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is publishedan

15、nually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW,Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Terms, Definitions, and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . .

17、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.1 Terms and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2 Abbreviated Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . .

19、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.1 Construction of the Recommended Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.2 Basic Industry Standards Us

20、ed for Generic Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.3 Core Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.4 Advanced Skills. . . . . .

21、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22、 . 27Tables1 Rotary Rig Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Rock Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Drilling Fluids Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Water-based Drilling Fluids General Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Water-based Fluids Physical Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Water-based Fluids Chemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Clay Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Polymer Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 General Knowledge: Non-aqueous Drilling Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1110 Non-aqueous Drilling Fluids Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1211 Oilfield Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1212 Rheology and Hydraulics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1313 Running Casing/Liner and Cementing Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1414 Lost Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1515 Wellbore Stability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1516 Stuck Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . .

30、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1617 Daily Drilling Fluid Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1618 End

31、of Well Report and Capturing Lessons Learned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1719 Logistics and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1720 Surface C

32、hemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1821 Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33、 . . . . . . . . . . 1922 Deepwater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1923 High Temperature High Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2224 Sand-faced Completions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2325 High-angle Wells, Extended Reach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25vIntroductionThe professional discipline of Petroleum Engineering is divided into subdisciplines in which technical expertise isrequired. One subdiscipline deals with fluids that are essential to many petroleum and natural gas exploration andpro

36、duction operationsthe subject of this recommended practice. For the purpose of this document, fluids include: drilling fluids, completion fluids, and solids control applications.Fluids expertise requires knowledge and skills in both engineering and chemistry. These specialized operations maynot alwa

37、ys be covered in depth by the colleges and universities that have petroleum engineering curricula. Individualswith technical degrees or degrees in science or engineering are well suited to be fluids professionals, althoughrequired knowledge can be gained by industry classroom and/or on-the-job train

38、ing. Whether entering thesubdiscipline without a formal degree as a drilling fluids technologist, or with a formal degree as a drilling fluidsengineer, the skills necessary to perform duties at the rig site are gained by a combination of formal training andpractical experience.This recommended pract

39、ice is set out in two parts. The first part addresses the core skills that a fluids technologist ordrilling fluids engineer should possess. The second part addresses more advanced skills that are required to work oncomplex wells.This recommended practice is not intended to establish certification pr

40、ocedures for drilling fluids personnel, but is tobe used for general guidance in evaluating training processes and evaluating the professional acceptability of drillingfluid technologists. API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by theInstitute to assure

41、the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes norepresentation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liabilityor responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any fe

42、deral, state, or municipalregulation with which this publication may conflict.Training and Qualification of Drilling Fluid Technologists Scope 1This standard is written in two parts. The first part is a summary of basic training and knowledge that an employee or contractor shall possess in order to

43、be identified as a rig site drilling fluids technologist or rig site drilling fluids engineer. The first part covers basic skills as would be taught in an entry-level fluids school program. The second part covers a set of advanced skills that will be required in order to support complex wells at the

44、 rig site. Levels of understanding for both core and advanced skills have been generally outlined but not totally defined. Normative References 2The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undate

45、d references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. API Specification 13A, Specification for Drilling Fluid Materials API Recommended Practice 13B-1, Recommended Practice for Field Testing of Water-based Drilling Fluids API Recommended Practice 13B-2, Reco

46、mmended Practice for Field Testing of Oil-based Drilling Fluids Terms, Definitions, and Abbreviations 3Terms and Definitions 3.13.1.1 breadth The basic knowledge common to all areas of drilling fluids technology needed by all drilling fluids technologists to demonstrate minimum competency. 3.1.2 dri

47、lling fluids engineer A drilling fluids technologist with an engineering, geoscience, or other appropriate science discipline degree from an accredited university. 3.1.3 drilling fluids technologist An individual with specialized knowledge of the application of drilling fluids during the drilling op

48、eration. 3.1.4 drilling fluids technician An individual skilled in the art of testing drilling fluids in the field or the laboratory. Abbreviated Terms 3.2API American Petroleum Institute 2 API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 13L BOP blowout preventer CEC cation exchange capacity ECD equivalent circulating den

49、sity EOWR end of well report ESD equivalent static density HGS high gravity solids HSE health, safety, and environment HTHP high temperature, high pressure LCM lost circulation material LGS low gravity solids MBT methylene blue test Mfmethyl orange alkalinity of the filtrate NAF non-aqueous fluid NPT non-productive time OWR oil/water ratio Pm phenolphthalein alkalinity of the mud (drilling fluid) Pf phenolphthalein alkalinity of the filtrate PPE personal protective equipment PPT particle plugging test PV plastic viscosity expressed in centipoise (millipascal-second) (1 cP = 1 mPa