API RP 52-1995 Land Drilling Practices for Protection of the Environment (Second Edition)《陆上钻井保护环境的作法.第2版》.pdf

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1、Land Drilling Practices for Protection of the EnvironmentAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 52SECOND EDITION, JULY 1, 1995REAFFIRMED, SEPTEMBER 2010Land Drilling Practices for Protection of the EnvironmentExploration and Production DepartmentAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 52SECOND EDITION, JULY 1, 1995REAFFIRMED, S

2、EPTEMBER 2010SPECIAL NOTES API publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to par- ticular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed. API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers, manufacturers, or suppliers to warn and

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9、ploration and Production De- partment, American Petroleum Institute, 700 North Pearl, Suite 1840, Dallas, Texas 75201. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director. API publications may be used by anyone d

10、esiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this pub- lication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibil

11、ity for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which this publication may conflict. API standards are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engi- neering and operating practices. These standards are not

12、 intended to obviate the need for ap- plying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these standards should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API standards is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices. Any manufacturer marking equipment or mat

13、erials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such prod- ucts do in fact conform to the applicable API standard. Copyright O 1995 Ame

14、rican Petroleum Institute API RP+52 95 0732290 0558902 3T3 CONTENTS Page O INTRODUCTION 1 1 SCOPE . 1 2 REFERENCES . 1 2.1 Standards . 1 2.2 Other References . 1 2.3 U.S. Environmental Laws 1 2.3.1 Clean Air Act (CAA) . 1 2.3.2 Clean Water Act (CWA) . 2 2.3.3 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) . 2 2.3.4

15、 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 3 Liability Act (CERCLA) . 3 2.3.5 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and 2.3.6 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) . 3 2.3.8 Endangered Species Act . 4 2.3.9 Hazardous Materials Transportation Act (HMTA) . 4 2.3.

16、11 Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) . 4 2.3.1 2 Other Laws and Regulations . 4 3 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS . 4 4 PLANNING . 5 2.3.7 National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) 4 2.3.10 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) 4 4.1 Interactive Communications and Planning . 5 4 . 1 . 1 Communication

17、s Between Operator and Surface Owner or Tenant . 5 4.1.3 Internal Communications 6 4.2.1 Public Safety 6 4.2.2 Size . 6 4.2.3 Topography . 6 4.2.4 Soil . 6 4.2.5 Surface Water . 6 4.2.6 Groundwater 6 4.2.7 Wildlife 6 4.2.8 Livestock . 6 4.2.9 Vegetation 6 4.2.10 Cultural and Historical Resources 6 4

18、.2.11 Weather . 7 4.2.12 Operational Plans . 7 4.2.13 Potential Hazards . 7 4.2.14 Restoration 7 4.2.15 Dust Suppression . 7 4.2.16 Noise Suppression . 7 4.2.17 Storage Areas 7 4.2.18 Sanitation Systems 7 4.3.1 Reserve Pit Design . 7 4.3.2 Solids Removal Equipment . 7 4.1.2 Operator, Contractor, and

19、 Service Company Communications . 5 4.2 Site Assessment and Construction Planning 6 4.3 Drilling Fluids and Solids Control Planning 7 4.3.3 Drilling Fluid Additives . 7 4.4 Water Management Planning . 7 4.4.1 Rig Wash Water 8 4.4.2 Storm Water 8 4.5 Waste Management Planning . 8 5 DRILLING SITE AND

20、RIGHT-OF-WAY PREPARATION 8 5.1 Introduction . 8 5.2 Site Construction . 8 5.3 Move In and Rig Up 9 5.3.1 Equipment Preparation Prior to Moving . 9 5.3.2 Site Inspection . 9 5.3.3 Special Considerations-Air Drilling Operations . 9 5.3.4 Pressure Control Equipment 9 5.3.5 Sanitation Equipment . 9 5.3.

21、6 Location Housekeeping . 9 6 DRILLINGOPERATIONS . 10 6.1 Pollution Prevention Hierarchy 10 6.1.1 Source Reduction 10 6.1.2 Recycling 10 6.1.3 Treatment 10 6.1.4 Disposal 10 6.2 Review of Drilling Plan Prior to Spud 10 6.3 Drilling Fluid System . 10 6.4 Formation Pressure Control 11 6.5 Hazardous Wa

22、stes 11 6.6 Location and Right-of-way Maintenance 11 6.7 Drillstring . 11 7 COMPLETION, TESTING, AND PLUGGING AND ABANDONMENT OPERATIONS . 11 7.1 General 11 7.2 Completion Operations 11 7.2.1 Logging 11 7.2.2 Completion Fluids and Chemicals . 12 7.2.3 Production Casing and Tubing 12 7.2.4 Cementing

23、12 7.2.5 Perforating 12 7.2.6 Acidizing . 12 7.2.7 Fracturing Stimulation 12 7.2.8 Completion Fluid Filtration 12 7.3 Testing . 12 7.4 Plugging and Abandonment 13 8 DECOMMISSIONING 13 8.1 Chemical and Waste Disposal . 13 8.2 Contaminated Soil 13 8.3 Location Restoration 13 iV API RP*52 95 0732290 05

24、58904 L7b FOREWORD API Recommended Practice 52, First Edition, was issued in February 1976. This recommended practice was prepared by the Subcommittee on Land Drilling hac- tices for Protection of the Environment and is under administration of the American Petroleum Institute Exploration and Product

25、ion Departments Executive Committee on Drilling and Production Practices. It is intended that this voluntary recommended practice serves as a guide to promote pro- tection of the environment in land drilling operations. Users of this publication are reminded that constantly developing technology, sp

26、ecific company requirements and policy, and spe- cialized or limited operations do not permit coverage of all possible operations, practices, or alternatives. This recommended practice does not present all possible practices for pro- tecting the environment in land drilling operations. Alternative o

27、perating procedures and/or equipment are available and routinely used to meet or exceed recommended practices or performance levels set forth herein. Recommendations presented in this publication are not intended to inhibit developing technology and improved equipment or operating procedures. This p

28、ublication, or portions thereof, cannot be substituted for qualified technical/opera- tional analysis and judgement to fit a specific situation. There may be federal, state, or local statutes, rules, or regulations requiring land drilling operations to be conducted in a certain manner. Organizations

29、 or individuals using this rec- ommended practice are cautioned that requirements of federal, state, or local environmen- tal laws and regulations are constantly evolving and should be reviewed to determine whether or not the practices recommended herein are consistent with current laws and reg- ula

30、tions. Land drilling operations must comply with the applicable requirements of federal, state, or local regulations. Suggested revisions to this recommended practice are invited and should be submitted in writing to the director of the Exploration and Production Department, American Petroleum Insti

31、tute, 700 North Pearl Street, Suite 1840, Dallas, Texas 75201-2845. V API RP*52 95 m 0732290 0558905 002 m Land Drilling Practices for Protection of the Environment O Introduction Land drilling operations are being conducted with full re- gard for preservation of the environment in such diverse con-

32、 ditions as metropolitan sites, wilderness areas, barren deserts, wildlife refuges, and arctic locations. Recommendations pre- sented in this publication are based on such wide ranging and extensive industry experience. The importance of planning prior to construction and ini- tiation of land drilli

33、ng operations cannot be overemphasized. Section 4 of this standard is devoted solely to planning and Sections 5 through 8 discuss implementation of the plan and ensuing operations. Although the discussion of several subjects in Section 4, “Planning,” and later discussion in the implementation por- t

34、ion appears to be somewhat redundant, this redundancy is necessary to provide adequate coverage of the subject matter. 1 Scope This standard provides information on environmentally sound practices for land drilling operations. Operational coverage begins with the initial planning of the drilling pro

35、- ject and ends with decommissioning of the drill site. Facili- ties within the scope of this standard include the drill site and roads required to be built and used for access to the drill site. This document is intended to address environmental con- siderations and not safety or operational issues

36、. However, there are items discussed, Le., formation pressure control, for which there are mutual environmental, safety, and opera- tional considerations. Similarly, this standard does not ad- dress obligations that may be required by the landowner and lease agreement. 2 References 2.1 STANDARDS The

37、 following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this standard. All standards are subject to revision, and users are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. API Environment

38、al Guidance Document: Onshore Solid Waste Management in Exploration and Produc- tion Operations Bu1 EI Bu1 E3 Bu1 E4 RP 49 RP 53 RP 59 Bulletin on the Generic Hazardous Chem- ical Category List and Inventory for the Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Industry (Superfund Amendments and Reauthoriz

39、ation Act of 1986, Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act) Well Abandonment and Inactive Well Prac- tices for U.S. Exploration and Production Operations, Environmental Guidance Document Environmental Guidance Document: Re- lease Reporting for the Oil and Gas Ex- ploration and Production

40、Industry as Required by the CWA, CERCLA and SARA Title III Recommended Practices for Drilling and Drill Stem Testing of Wells Containing Hy- drogen Sulfide Recommended Practices for Blowout Pre- vention Equipment Systems for Drilling Wells Recommended Practices for Well Control Operations 2.2 OTHER

41、REFERENCES National Register of Historic Places 2.3 U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS There are numerous federal environmental laws that may be applicable to land drilling operations. These laws should be carefully studied to determine their impact and applica- bility to specific operations. The following ar

42、e some of the major laws that apply. 2.3.1 Clean Air Act (CAA) The CAA, first enacted in 1970 and amended several times since then, has several features that can lead to signif- icant regulation. Under the CAA, EPA has established national ambient air quality standards for several air pollutants: su

43、lfur oxides, ni- trogen oxides, ozone, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and lead. On an ambient standard-by-standard basis, every area of the United States is classified as attainment or nonat- tainment. This classification determines, in part, what IAvailable from Preservation Press, 1785 Massa

44、chusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 1 API RP*52 95 m 0732290 055890b T49 m 2 API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 52 additional controls on emission sources are required and the timetable for implementation. EPA is also authorized, under the CAA, to set new source performance standards (NSPS) for certain ca

45、tegories of sta- tionary sources and separate standards for listed hazardous air pollutants (HAPS). These requirements often take the form of technology standards but may take the form of per- formance standards or work practice standards. Overall, EPA assumes the authority for regulating new source

46、s, whereas states assume the authority for regulating existing sources. In addition, state standards are often appli- cable only to nonattainment areas, whereas federal standards are generally applicable in both attainment and nonattain- ment areas. Standards aside, the CAA also imposes permitting r

47、e- quirements. Depending on an emission sources nature, emis- sion profile, size, and geographic location, a new source (or major modification) may require a preconstruction review permit. Irrespective of preconstruction review permits, exist- ing sources also generally require operating permits, wh

48、ich are intended to be the vehicle for all applicable source re- quirements. The temporary addition on the well site of mobile emis- sion sources, such as drilling rigs or well servicing equip- ment, should be considered in accordance with relevant permitting requirements, as these activities may tr

49、igger state or federal permit requirements. 2.3.2 Clean Water Act (CWA) The CWA was enacted in 1972 with a goal to restore the surface waters for protection of fish and wildlife and for recre- ation by the elimination of pollutant discharges from point sources into “Waters of the United States”. These “Waters” are very broadly defined and include any conveyance, in- cluding dry stream channels, that lead to waterways, including the oceans. The CWA created the National Pollutant Dis- charge Elimination System (NPDES) permitting program (or state equivalent) for all point source and nonpoin