API PUBL 4779-2007 Technical Protocol for Evaluating the Natural Attenuation of MtBE《评估甲基叔丁基醚(MtBE)自然衰减的技术协议》.pdf
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1、Technical Protocol for Evaluating the Natural Attenuation of MtBE Regulatory and Scientific Affairs Department API PUBLICATION 4779 MAY 2007Technical Protocol for Evaluating the Natural Attenuation of MtBE Regulatory and Scientific Affairs DepartmentAPI PUBLICATION 4779MAY 2007Prepared by:Peter Zeeb
2、, Ph.D., L.S.P., P.G. Geosyntec Consultants, Inc. Acton, MassachusettsandTodd H. Wiedemeier, P.G. T.H. Widemeier however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damag
3、e resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publi-cation may conflict.API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineer-ing and operating practices. These publications are not intended to obviate the
4、 need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publications is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance
5、 with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such prod-ucts do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.API is not undertaking to meet the duties o
6、f employers, manufacturers, or suppliers to warn and properly train and equip their employees, and others exposed, concerning health and safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their obligations to comply with authorities having jurisdiction.Information concerning safety and health risks and p
7、roper precautions with respect to partic-ular materials and conditions should be obtained from the employer, the manufacturer or supplier of that material, or the material safety data sheet.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by a
8、ny means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Copyright 2007 American Petroleum InstituteFOREWORDNothing contained in any API pu
9、blication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement o
10、f letters patent.This document and other oxygenate resources can be found at: www.api.org/mtbe. Trademarks: C-Flex is a registered trademark of consolidated Polymer Technologies, Inc. CHEMetrics is a registered trademark of CHEMetrics, Inc. En Core is a registered trademark of En Novative Technologi
11、es, Inc. Hach is a registered trademark of the Hach Company. Teflon is a registered trademark of the E. I. Du Pont De Nemours and Company Corporation. Waterra is a trademark of Waterra Pumps, Ltd.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Director of Regulatory and Scientific Aff
12、airs, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20005.iiiTABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Purpose and Objectives of Document 1 1.2 Regulatory Status of MNA of MtBE . 2 1.3 Anticipating and Addressing Stakeholder Concerns . 3 1.4 MtBE Attenuation State-of-the-Science 3 1.4.1 Physio-Chemical Mech
13、anisms of MtBE Attenuation . 4 1.4.2 MtBE Biodegradation . 6 2 DEVELOPING A NATURAL ATTENUATION EVALUATION STRATEGY 8 2.1 Overview of MNA as a Remediation Tool 8 2.1.1 Overview of Existing MNA Guidance 8 2.1.2 Applicability of Site Characteristics to MNA . 13 2.2 Tiered Approach for Evaluating the N
14、atural Attenuation of MtBE and Required Supporting Data. 14 2.2.1 Tier 1 Evaluation of Plume Behavior. 15 2.2.2 Tier 2 Geochemical Data 18 2.2.3 Tier 3 Supplemental Data. 19 2.3 An Integrated Approach for Utilizing the Three Tiers of Data . 19 2.3.1 Tier 1 Data are Adequate to Evaluate Natural Atten
15、uation. 20 2.3.2 Tier 2 Data are Collected 20 2.3.3 Tier 3 Data are Collected 20 2.3.4 Site Characterization and Conceptual Model Development . 20 2.3.5 Sites That Have Adequate Site Characterization Data 22 2.3.6 Sites That Do Not Have Adequate Site Characterization Data. 23 2.4 Mass Flux Estimates
16、 24 3 SAMPLE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 25 3.1 Sampling Location and Frequency 25 3.2 Sample Preservation 26 3.3 Laboratory Analytical Methods. 27 3.3.1 MtBE . 27 3.3.2 Breakdown Products of MtBE and Other Associated Chemicals 30 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 3.3.3 Geochemical Data . 31 3.3.4 Compound
17、Specific Stable Isotope Analyses 33 3.3.5 Laboratory Microcosms 34 3.3.6 Molecular Microbial Community Analysis. 35 4 MtBE MNA DATA EVALUATION AND PRESENTATION. 38 4.1 Tiered Approach for Evaluating the Natural Attenuation of MtBE 38 4.2 Tier 1 Data Analysis 40 4.2.1 Hydrogeologic Evaluation. 40 4.2
18、.2 Hydrogeologic Data Presentation 41 4.2.3 Evaluation of Source Strength and Composition 43 4.2.4 Techniques for Evaluating Plume Stability. 46 4.3 Tier 2 Data Analysis 64 4.3.1 Biogeochemistry Evaluation . 65 4.3.2 Presentation of Spatial/Temporal Changes in Geochemical Parameters . 67 4.4 Tier 3
19、Data Analysis 70 4.4.1 Compound Specific Isotope Analysis . 70 4.4.2 Microcosm Study Data 73 4.4.3 Presentation of Microcosm Study Data. 74 5 REFERENCES . 77 APPENDIX ABIODEGRADATION MECHANISMS A-1 APPENDIX BPHYSIOCHEMICAL ATTENUATION MECHANISMS B-1 APPENDIX CESTIMATING MASS FLUX . C-1 APPENDIX DFIE
20、LD DATA COLLECTION PROTOCOLS.D-1 APPENDIX EDATA QUALITY ASSURANCE E-1 APPENDIX FEXAMPLE MANN-KENDALL ANALYSIS F-1 APPENDIX GEXAMPLE FIRST ORDER RATE CALCULATION.G-1 APPENDIX HSUMMARY OF THE RESULTS OF TBA NAPL/ AQUEOUS PARTITIONING EXPERIMENTS H-1 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) TABLES Table 1-1 Physi
21、cal Properties of MtBE and Other Constituents of Gasoline 5 Table 2-1 Technical Protocols and Other Guidance Documents for Evaluating the Efficacy of Natural Attenuation.10 Table 2-2 Summary of the Lines of Evidence Used to Evaluate Natural Attenuation and Enhanced Remediation.11 Table 2-3 Tier 1 Da
22、ta .12 Table 2-4 Tier 3 Data .12 Table 3-1 Sample Preservation and Hold Times29 Table 3-2 Methods for Analysis of MtBE, TBA and Other Volatile Organic Compounds of Interest.32 Table 3-3 Laboratory Analysis for Tier 2 Geochemical Parameters33 Table 4-1 Definition of Plume Geochemistry for Anaerobic C
23、onditions 65 Table 4-2 Example of Microcosm Data Table .75 Table A-1 Aerobic Respiration Processes for MtBE . A-7 Table A-2 MtBE Degrading Microorganisms A-8 Table A-3 Anaerobic Processes for MtBE. A-9 Table A-4 Biodegradation of TBA. A-10 Table A-5 MtBE-Specific Attenuation Issues A-11 Table B-1 Ph
24、ysiochemical MtBE Attenuation Mechanisms B-10 Table B-2 Methods for Inferring Groundwater Flow and Chemical TransportB-11 Table D-1 Measurement Methods for Hydraulic Data. D-4 Table D-2 Groundwater Sampling Equipment. D-5 Table D-3 Field Test Methods for Groundwater Analysis. D-6 Table E-1 Data Qual
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