API PUBL 4607-1994 User's Guide and Technical Resource Document Evaluation of Sediment Toxicity Tests for Biomonitoring Programs《用户指南和技术资源文件 生物监测程序用沉淀物毒性测试评估》.pdf
《API PUBL 4607-1994 User's Guide and Technical Resource Document Evaluation of Sediment Toxicity Tests for Biomonitoring Programs《用户指南和技术资源文件 生物监测程序用沉淀物毒性测试评估》.pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《API PUBL 4607-1994 User's Guide and Technical Resource Document Evaluation of Sediment Toxicity Tests for Biomonitoring Programs《用户指南和技术资源文件 生物监测程序用沉淀物毒性测试评估》.pdf(230页珍藏版)》请在麦多课文档分享上搜索。
1、API PUBL*Vb07 94 m 0732290 0555223 TBT m Users Guide and Technical Resource Document: Evaluation of Sediment Toxicity Tests for Biomonitoring Programs HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT API PUBLICATION NUMBER 4607 documenting performance improvements; and communicating them to the public.
2、The foundation of STEP is the API Environmental Mission and Guiding Environmental Principles. API ENVIRONMENTAL MISSION AND GUIDING ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES The members of the American Petroleum Institute are dedicated to continuous efforts to improve the compatibility of our operations with the env
3、ironment while economically developing energy resources and supplying high quality products and services to consumers. The members recognize the importance of efficiently meeting societys needs and our responsibility to work with the public, the government, and others to develop and to use natural r
4、esources in an environmentally sound mannefwhile protecting the heaith and safety of our employees and the public. To meet these responsibilities, Apt members pledge to manage our businesses according to these principles: To recognize and to respond to community concerns about our raw materials, pro
5、ducts and operations. To operate our plants and facilities, and to handle our raw materials and products in a manner that protects the environment, and the safety and health of our employees and the public. To make safety, health and environmental considerations a priority in our planning, and our d
6、evelopment of new products and processes. To advise promptly, appropriate officials, employees, customers and the public of information on significant industry-related safety, health and environmental hazards, and to recommend protective measures. To counsel customers, transporters and others in the
7、 safe use, transportation and disposai of our raw materials, products and waste materials. To economicaliy develop and produce natural resources and to conserve those resources by using energy efficiently. To extend knowledge by conducting or supporting research on the safety, health and environment
8、al effects of our raw materials, products, processes and waste materiais. To commit to reduce overall emission and waste generation. To work with others to resolve problems created by handling and disposal of hazardous substances from our operations. To participate with government and others in crea
9、ting responsible laws, regulations and standards to safeguard the community, workplace and environment. To promote these principles and practices by sharing experiences and offering assistance to others who produce, handle, use, transport or dispose of similar raw materials, petroleum products and w
10、astes. API PUBLm4607 94 0732290 0555226 799 W FOREWORD API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE. WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED. API IS NOT UNDERTAKING TO MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, WAC- TRERS, O
11、R SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TR4IN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR UNDERTAKING THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL, LAWS. NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICATION IS TO BE CONSTRUED AS GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPL
12、ICATION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE MANU- FACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT COV- ERED BY LETTERS PATENT. NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN ITY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF LETTERS PATENT. THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABIL- Copyright O 1994 American Petroleum
13、 institute iii - API PUBL*4b07 94 R 0732290 0555227 b25 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE ARE RECOGNIZED FOR THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS OF TIME AND EXPERTISE DURING THIS STUDY AND IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS REPORT: API STAFF CONTACT Alexis E. Steen, Health and Environmental Sciences Department MEMBERS O
14、F THE BIOMONITORING TASK FORCE Philip B. Dorn, Ph.D., Shell Development Company Jerry F. Hall, Ph.D., Texaco Research W. Raymon Arnold, Ph.D., Exxon Biomedical Sciences, Inc. Shiv Baloo, Amoco Oil Company Janis M. Farmer, BP America Research Hill et al. 1993). The purpose of this Users Guide is to p
15、rovide information that will enable environmental personnel at petroleum facilities to select sediment toxicity tests and test methods that are scientifically valid and appropriate for a specific site. For those readers who are unfamiliar with sediment toxicity testing, this Users Guide explains gen
16、eral aspects of sediment toxicity testing and how to use available technical information. This document also outlines the technical requirements and appropriate condi- tions for using different sediment toxicity test methods. A companion document, Evaluation of Sediment Toxicity Tests for Biomonitor
17、ing Programs (PTI, 1994) hereafter referred to as the Technical Resource Document, has been prepared to provide technical background on the test methods and the detailed rationale for the evaluations presented here. The Technical Resource Document is intended to be used as a reference tool for the t
18、est selection process and also as an information resource to support negotiations with agencies concerning the appropri- ateness of any recommended tests. Sediment toxicity tests anticipated for future use in biomonitoring programs for National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit c
19、ompliance are addressed in the Technical Resource Document and in this Users Guide. These docu- ments were developed for use by petroleum industry operations (refineries, marketing terminals, and production facilities) that have discharges to surface waters. However, the Technical Resource Docu- men
20、t and this Users Guide contain information that is applicable to other industries and could be used by any wastewater discharger. The term sediment toxicity test, as used here, refers to any laboratory method that measures the adverse biological response of a group of organisms to a sample of test s
21、ediment. Some sediment toxicity tests measure lethal effects by determining the num- ber of organisms that are killed during the exposure period. Other tests measure sublethal effects such as developmental abnormalities in juvenile stages, inhibition of reproduction, or reduced growth. Sediment toxi
22、city tests are used in many biomonitoring programs because they integrate the effects of multiple chemicals and can be used in conjunction with chemical measurements and sur- veys of sedimentdwelling organisms to establish cause-effect relationships. Sediment toxicity tests are also the primary tool
23、 for any toxicity identifica- tion and evaluation program. Sediment toxicity tests are available for many different species and various life stages of some species. For example, they may be conducted on embryos, larvae, and juveniles of various fish species, as well as embryos and juve- niles of inv
24、ertebrates such as clams, oysters, and sea urchins. Sediment toxicity tests can also be con- ducted with microscopic algae and bacteria, sub- merged aquatic plants (e.g., water hyacinth), and wetland plants (e.g., marsh grass). The next section presents an evaluation of available sediment toxicity t
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