BS PD CEN TR 15177-2006 Testing the freeze-thaw resistance of concrete — Internal structural damage《混凝土抗冻融性能试验 内部结构损坏》.pdf

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1、PUBLISHED DOCUMENT PD CEN/TR 15177:2006 Testing the freeze-thaw resistance of concrete Internal structural damage ICS 91.080.40 PD CEN/TR 15177:2006 This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2006 BSI 2006 ISBN 0 580 49652

2、X National foreword This Published Document was published by BSI. It is the UK implementation of CEN/TR 15177:2006. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee B/517, Concrete, to Subcommittee B/517/1, Concrete production and testing. A list of organizations represen

3、ted on B/517/1 can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication is a Published Document (PD) and is not to be regarded as a British Standard and therefore should be used for guidance only. The original document was proposed as a European standard but at the draft for public comment (DPC

4、) stage the project status was changed to a CEN Report as it was not deemed suitable to be published as a European standard. The CEN Report was published so that research laboratories could evolve the test methods and gain some experience of the relevance of such tests to local materials. Therefore,

5、 the UK Committee B/517/1 has implemented CEN Report 15177:2006 as PD CEN/TR 15177:2006 but with the following comments. Whilst there are no performance values given in CEN/TR 15177, the originators of the tests have values they apply in practice and these are known to others. It is accepted that a

6、concrete satisfying these values is likely to perform well in extreme freeze/thaw conditions. However, in the UK there are many concretes that have been shown to perform adequately in the prevailing environmental conditions, but, if tested against these criteria, would fail by a substantial margin.

7、BSI Technical Committee Working Group B/517/1/30 considers that these test methods would not normally be appropriate for evaluating the performance of concrete for UK conditions. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its co

8、rrect application. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsTECHNICALREPORT RAPPORTTECHNIQUE TECHNISCHERBERICHT CEN/TR15177 April2006 ICS91.080.40 EnglishVersion TestingthefreezethawresistanceofconcreteInternal structuraldamage PrfungdesFrostTauwiderstandesvonBetonInnere Gefgestrung

9、 ThisTechnicalReportwasapprovedbyCENon31August2005.IthasbeendrawnupbytheTechnicalCommitteeCEN/TC51. CENmembersarethenationalstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,Cyprus,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France, Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands

10、,Norway,Poland,Portugal, Romania, Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandUnitedKingdom. EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFORSTANDARDIZATION COMITEUROPENDENORMALISATION EUROPISCHESKOMITEEFRNORMUNG ManagementCentre:ruedeStassart,36B1050Brussels 2006CEN Allrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymeansreserved world

11、wideforCENnationalMembers. Ref.No.CEN/TR15177:2006:E2 Contents Page Foreword3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definitions .5 4 Equipment 6 5 Making of test specimens .9 6 Principle of measurement the internal structural damage10 7 Beam test11 8 Slab test 16 9 CIF-test2

12、4 Bibliography 34 CEN/TR 15177:20063 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 15177:2006) has been prepared jointly by Technical Committee CEN/TC 51 “Cement and building limes“, the secretariat of which is held by IBN/BIN and by Technical Committee CEN/TC 104 “Concrete and related products“, the secretariat o

13、f which is held by DIN. No existing European Standard is superseded. It is based on the Austrian Standard NORM B 3303 “Testing of Concrete“ and on the RILEM recommendation “Test methods of frost resistance of concrete“ of RILEM TC 176 IDC. These tests have since been developed by individual countrie

14、s. This document takes into account those developments. CEN/TR 15177:20064 Introduction Concrete structures exposed to the effects of freezing and thawing need to be durable, to have an adequate resistance to this action and, in cases such as road construction, to freezing and thawing in the presenc

15、e of de-icing agents. It is desirable, especially in the case of new constituents or new concrete compositions, to test for such properties. This also applies to concrete mixes, concrete products, precast concrete, concrete elements or concrete in situ. Many different test methods have been develope

16、d. No single test method can completely reproduce the conditions in the field in all individual cases. Nevertheless, any method should at least correlate to the practical situation and give consistent results. Such a test method may not be suitable for deciding whether the resistance is adequate in

17、a specific instance but will provide data of the resistance of the concrete to freeze-thaw-attack and freeze-thaw-attack in the presence of de-icing agents. If the concrete has inadequate resistance there are two types of concrete deterioration when a freeze-thaw attack occurs, internal structural d

18、amage and scaling. The three test methods in this document describe the testing for internal structural damage. The scaling is dealt with in prCEN/TS 12390-9. This document contains three different test methods, which are well proved in different parts of Europe. Always they produce consistent resul

19、ts. For that reason no single test method can be established as reference test method. In the case that two laboratories will test the same concrete, they have to agree to only one test method with the same measurement procedure. The application of limiting values will require the establishment of t

20、he correlation between laboratory results and field experience. Due to the nature of the freeze-thaw action, such correlation would have to be established in accordance with local conditions and still have to be done. CEN/TR 15177:20065 1 Scope This document specifies three test methods for the esti

21、mation of the freeze-thaw resistance of concrete with regard to internal structural damage. It can be used either to compare new constituents or new concrete compositions against a constituent or a concrete composition that is known to give adequate performance in the local environment or to assess

22、the test results against some absolute numerical values based on local experiences. Extrapolation of test results to assess different concrete i.e. new constituents or new concrete compositions requires an expert evaluation. NOTE Specification based on these test methods should take into account the

23、 behaviour of concrete under practical conditions. There is no established correlation between the results obtained by the three test methods. All tests will clearly identify poor and good behaviour, but they differ in their assessment of marginal behaviour. 2 Normative references The following refe

24、renced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 206-1, Concrete Part 1: Specification, performance, production a

25、nd conformity EN 12390-1, Testing hardened concrete Part 1: Shape, dimensions and other requirements of specimens and moulds EN 12390-2, Testing hardened concrete Part 2: Making and curing specimens for strength tests EN 12504-4, Testing concrete Determination of ultrasonic pulse velocity 3 Terms an

26、d definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 freeze-thaw resistance resistance against alternating freezing and thawing in the presence of water alone 3.2 freeze-thaw resistance with de-icing salt resistance against alternating freezing and thawing

27、in the presence of de-icing salt 3.3 scaling loss of material at the surface of concrete due to freeze-thaw attack 3.4 internal structural damage cracks developed inside concrete which may not be seen on the surface, but which lead to an alteration of concrete properties, e.g. reduction of the dynam

28、ic modulus of elasticity CEN/TR 15177:20066 4 Equipment 4.1 General 4.1.1 Equipment for making concrete specimens according to EN 12390-2. 4.1.2 Moulds for making concrete specimens according to EN 12390-1. 4.1.3 Freezing medium, consisting of de-ionised water and in special cases of 97 % by mass of

29、 tap water and 3 % by mass of NaCl (for test with de-icing salt). 4.1.4 A freezing chamber or a freeze-thaw chest with a cooling liquid or a flooding device. The freezing chamber or the freeze-thaw chest are equipped with a temperature and time controlled refrigerating and heating system with a capa

30、city such that the time-temperature curve prescribed in Clauses 7, 8 and 9 can be followed. An automatically controllable frost chest and a water tank with thermostatic control can also be used instead of an automatically controlled freeze-thaw chest with a flooding device. 4.1.5 Thermocouples, or a

31、n equivalent temperature measuring device, for measuring the temperature at the appropriate prescribed points in the freezing chest with an accuracy within 0,5 K. 4.1.6 2 balances, with an accuracy within 1 g and 0,05 g. 4.1.7 Vernier callipers, with an accuracy within 0,1 mm. 4.1.8 Absorbent labora

32、tory towel. 4.2 Special equipment for beam test 4.2.1 Thermometric frost resistance reference beam according to EN 206-1 with a dimension of 400 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm. A tolerance in length of 10 % will be permissible. A thermocouple (4.1.5) is installed near the geometric centre of the thermometric

33、reference beam in order to measure the temperature variations during freeze-thaw cycles. 4.2.2 Equipment for ultrasonic pulse transit time (UPTT) Ultrasonic pulse transit time (UPTT) measurement device which is suitable for determining the transit times of longitudinal waves in porous building mater

34、ials according to EN 12504-4. The transducers operate in frequency range between 50 kHz and 150 kHz. 4.2.3 Equipment for fundamental transverse frequency (FF) a) Equipment for measurement the resonance frequency: a Fourier analyser, a modally tuned impact hammer and an accelerometer. b) Specimens pa

35、d consists of a soft and absorbing material (e.g. foam or sponge rubber) to store the specimens planar. The specimens pad uncoupled the specimen of its surroundings, so that the waves run only by the specimen. 4.3 Special equipment for slab test 4.3.1 Climate controlled room or chamber with a temper

36、ature of (20 2) C and an evaporation of (45 15) g/(m h). Normally this is obtained with a wind velocity 0,1 m/s and a relative humidity of (65 5) %. The evaporation is measured from a bowl with a depth of approximately 40 mm and a cross section area of (225 25) cm 2 . The bowl is filled up to (10 1)

37、 mm from the brim. 4.3.2 Diamond saw for concrete cutting. CEN/TR 15177:20067 4.3.3 Rubber sheet, (3 0,5) mm thick which is resistant to the freezing medium used and sufficiently elastic down to a temperature of 27 C. 4.3.4 Adhesive for gluing the rubber sheet to the concrete specimen. The adhesive

38、is resistant to the environment in question. NOTE Contact adhesive has proved to be suitable. 4.3.5 Expanded Polystyrene cellular plastic, (20 1) mm thick with a density of (18 2) kg/m 3or alternative thermal insulation with at least a heat conductivity of 0,036 W/(mK). 4.3.6 Polyethylene sheet, 0,1

39、 mm to 0,2 mm thick. 4.3.7 Equipment for length change (reference measuring procedure) a) Length extensometer for measuring length change of specimens with a dial gauge to read in 0,01 mm and an accuracy within 0,001 mm. The extensometer is designed to accommodate the size of the specimens. NOTE In

40、consideration of specimens geometry the dimension of a suitable length extensometer is 170 mm or more. b) Studs made of stainless steel or other corrosion-resistant materials being designed which secured a good contact with the specimen surface. c) Invar or an equivalent reverence bar with a length

41、which is comparable to the average specimen length. 4.3.8 Equipment for ultrasonic pulse transit time (alternative measuring procedure) Ultrasonic pulse transit time (UPTT) measurement device which is suitable for determining the transit times of longitudinal waves in porous building materials accor

42、ding to EN 12504-4. The transducers operate in frequency range between 50 kHz and 150 kHz. 4.3.9 Equipment for fundamental transverse frequency (alternative measuring procedure) a) Equipment for measurement the resonance frequency: a Fourier analyser, a modally tuned impact hammer and an acceleromet

43、er. b) Specimens pad consists of a soft and absorbing material (e.g. foam or sponge rubber) to store the specimens planar. The specimens pad uncoupled the specimen of its surroundings, so that the waves run only by the specimen. 4.4 Special equipment for CIF-test 4.4.1 PTFE plate (Polytetrafluorethy

44、lene) or other materials with an equivalent hydrophobic surface serving as mould for the test surface. The geometry of the plate is adapted to the 150 mm cube mould and the thickness has to be less than 5 mm. 4.4.2 Climate controlled room or chamber with a temperature of (20 2) C and an evaporation

45、of (45 15) g/(m h). Normally this is obtained with a wind velocity 0,1 m/s and a relative humidity of (65 5) %. The evaporation is measured from a bowl with a depth of approximately 40 mm and a cross section area of (225 25) cm 2 . The bowl is filled up to (10 1) mm from the brim. 4.4.3 Lateral seal

46、ing consists of solvent-free epoxy resin or aluminium foil with butyl rubber, durable to temperatures of - 20 C and resistant against the attack of the de-icing solution. 4.4.4 Test containers. The specimens are stored in stainless steel containers during the freeze-thaw cycles. The stainless sheet

47、metal is (0,7 0,01) mm thick. The size of the test container is selected in such a way that CEN/TR 15177:20068 the thickness of the air layer between the vertical side of the specimen and the test container is restricted to (30 20) mm. Other containers can be used for capillary suction if they assur

48、e an equivalent arrangement. During the capillary suction the test container is closed with a cover. The cover has an incline to prevent any possible condensation water from dripping onto the specimens. 4.4.5 Spacer (5 0,1) mm high placed on the container bottom to support the specimen and to guaran

49、tee a defined thickness of the liquid layer between the test surface and the container bottom. 4.4.6 Unit for adjusting liquid level, i.e. a suction device. The suction device may consist of a capillary tube with a spacer of (10 1) mm that is connected with e.g. a water jet pump to suck up the excessive