高中阶段所有从句课件.ppt

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1、,Welcome to our class,句子结构,按句子的结构划分，句子分为简单句、 并列句、复合句三种。 一、简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语），句子各个成分都是由单词或短语表示，这样的句子称为简单句。简单一般分为以下五类： S+V：The sun rises in the east.S+V+O：My brother bought a newcellphone.,S+V+P ：The grass turns green.S+V+Oi+Od ：My father gave me a gift.S+V+O+C ：He made the baby laugh. 二、并列

2、句：并列句往往由并列连词连接，并列连词连接的两个或多个句子都是对等并列的关系。常见的并列连词有and , not onlybut also, neither ,nor , neithernor,or, eitheror , but , yet , still , however , while , when , for , so, thus, therefore 等。,Some students are interested in music and others are fond of playing football. She not only dances well but also s

3、ings well. Everyone likes a person with good manners, but no one likes a person with bad manners. I was about to leave when it began to rain.三、复合句：由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成的句子叫复合句。主句是复合句的主干部分，从句在主句中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语、状语等。,What he did made his mother angry. Parents shouldnt give their children whatever they w

4、ant. This is because you are too careless. Check all your answers before you turn in your papers. A doctor is a person who looks after peoples health.,定语从句,定义：担任定语功能的句子称为定语从句。 定语从句的作用相当于形容词，又称为形 容词性从句。定语从句用来修饰名词、代 词或整个主句。He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not true man.Miss Green is a strict but k

5、ind teacher who always cares for every student. Football is played in over 80 countries, which makes it popular.,Ill never forget the days 关系代词，在从句中作宾语先行词that we spent together.修饰,关系代词的选择和作用 1. 先行词指人时，关系代词在定语从句中作主语时用who, 作宾语时用whom (whom可以省略). The boy who broke the window is called Tom. The person wh

6、om you just talked to is Mr. Li. The person to whom you just talked is Mr. Li. 2. 先行词指物时，关系代词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时用which, 作宾语时可省略。,They planted the trees which didnt need much water. The fish (which) we bought were not fresh. 3 . 先行词既可以指人也可以指物，关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语时，用that, 作宾语是可省略。 A plane is a machine that c

7、an fly. The girl (that) we saw yesterday is Jims sister. Hes changed. Hes not the man that he was before. 4 . Whose 的意义相当于所有格，在定语从句中作定语，先行词可以是人也可以是物。,指物时可与 of which 互换，“名词+of which” . Harry is the boy whose mother is our teacher. The house whose windows face east is Mr. Smiths. The house the windows

8、 of which faces east is Mr. Smiths.,关系副词的选择和作用,1. 当先行词是一个表示时间的名词，且从句中缺少时间状语时，选择关系副词when。 I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. 比较：I still remember the day that/which we spent together. 2. 当先行词是一个表示地点的名词，且从句中缺少地点状语时，选择关系副词where。 This is the house where we lived last year.,比较：This is

9、the place that/which I once visited.3 . 当先行词是the reason (s) ，且从句中缺少原因状语时，选择关系副词 why。 This is the reason why he was killed. 比较：This reason that/which he gave us was unacceptable.,介词+关系代词引导的定语从句,“介词+关系代词”也可以在从句中充当时间、地点、原因等状语。介词选择遵循三个原则： 1. 根据先行词的搭配习惯the day on which I joined the army. I still remember

10、the year in which I stayedhere.,2 . 根据从句中谓语动词的搭配on which I spent 5 Yuan. This is the book for which I paid 5 Yuan.from which I learnt a lot. 3 . 根据所表达的意义 The wall on which there is a map faces east. The wall in which there is a window faces east.,As 和 which,1. as 和 which 都可以引导非限制性定语从句，在定义从句中作主语或宾语，指

11、代前面整个句子。 区别： as 引导的非限制性定语从句，可放 在主句之前、之后，也可以放在中间；which 引导的非限制性定语从句，只能放在主句之后。 as 有正如，正像的含义，而 which 没有。Shakespeare is a famous playwright, as we know.,As we know, Shakespeare is a famous playwright.Shakespeare, as we know, is a famous playwright.His mother is an engineer, which makes him proud. 2 . 若先行

12、词被 such 或 the same所修饰，关系代词用 as 。He is such a kind man as we all like.This is the same watch as I lost., 只能用 that 的情况 1. 当先行词是 all, much, little, any, few, something, anything, everything, none, nothing, the one等不定代词时Is there anything that I can do for you? 2. 当先行词被 the only, the very, the last修饰时I w

13、as the only person in my office that was invited. 3. 当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时This is the best book that I have read.The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.,4. 先行词既有人又有物时 They talked about the things and persons that they remembered. 5. 当主句是以 who 或 which 开头的特殊疑问句时Who is the boy that is sta

14、nding over there?,不能用 that 的情况： 1. 在非限制性定语从句中Dinner starts with a small dish, which is called a starter. 2. 在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词前时：Im looking for a container in which I can put all these peaches.,定语从句中主谓一致问题 1. 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中谓语动词的单复形式与先行词保持一致。Mr. Smith, who is now downstairs, is asking to se

15、e you.The Smiths, who are now downstairs, are asking to see you. 2. One of + 复数名词 + 关系代词 + 谓语动词复数形式；the (only) one of +复数名词 + 关系代词 +谓语动词单数形式,He is one of the students who work hard.He is the (only) one of the students who goes abroad. 在定语从句中，被关系词代替的部分不可在从句中重复出现。This is the right book that you are lo

16、oking for it.（） 当先行词是 way 表示方式、方法时，关系词可用 in which、that 或省略。This is the way in which/(that) I study English., 当先行词 situation, point, degree等作先行词表示抽象的地点，其后常由 where 引导定语从句，在定语从句中作地点状语。Can you think out a situation where this word can be used?Her illness has developed to the point where nobody can cure

17、her. Is this school _ we visited?This school is the one that we visited.Is this the school _ we visited?This is the school that we visited.,限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句,1. 在句子功能方面，非限制性定语从句对先行词仅仅起一种信息补充或解释说明作用。没有定语从句主句的意思也非常清楚。而限制性定语从句则是主句不可缺少的，它对先行词起着限制、修饰作用。否则，指代不清。A doctor is a person who looks after the pati

18、ents.Lijiang, where I was born, is very beautiful.,2. 在非限制性定语从句中，先行词可以是名词、代词或者一个句子，而限制性定语从句中，先行词一般是名词或代词。The earth goes round the sun, which is true. She has found the necklace (that) she lost two weeks ago. 3. 在语言形式上，非限制性定语从句的引导 词前有逗号将其与主句分开；而限制性定语从句则没有。,4. 在句子结构上，非限制性定语从句中作宾语时，关系词不可省略；而在限制性定语从句中可以

19、省略。The novel (which) I have read three times is very moving.This novel, which I have read three times, is very moving. 5. 在关系词上，非限制性定语从句中不用 that (指人时用 who /whom, 指物用 which),关系副词则用 when, where, for which 6. 非限制性定语从句一般翻译成并列句或状语从句，而限制性定语从句则翻译为定语。,1. All the neighbors admire this family， _the parents ar

20、e treating their child like a friend .A. why B. where C. which D. that 2. The news _ our athletes won another gold medal was reported in yesterdays newspaper.A. which B. whether C. what D. that 3. The road conditions there turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect.A. it B. what C.

21、which D. that,B,D,C,4. The companies are working together to create _ they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century.A. which B. that C. what D. who 5. The Science Museum, _we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of Londons tourist attractions.A. which B. what C. that D

22、. where 6. Look out! Dont get too close to the house _ roof is under repair.A. whose B. which C. of which D. that,C,A,A,7. Do you have anything to say for yourselves?Yes, theres one point _we must insist on.A. why B. where C. how D. 8. If a shop has chairs _women can park their men, women will spend

23、 more time in the shop.A. that B. which C. when D. where 9. I was given three books on cooking, the first _ I really enjoyed.A. of that B. of which C. that D. which 10. Jim passed the driving test, _surprised everybody in the office.A. which B. that C. this D. it,D,D,B,A,11. _ is reported in the new

24、spapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.A. It B. As C. That D. What 12.He was educated at a local grammar school, _he went on to Cambridge.A. from which B. after thatC. after which D. from this 13. Her sister has become a lawyer, _she wanted to be.A. who B. that C. what D. which

25、,B,C,D,单句改错: 1.I also enjoy the evening when we spent together. _ 2.I live in Beijing, where is the capital of China. _ 3.This is one of the best books that has been published so far. _ 4.She is the only one of the students who were praised. _ 5.I will give your sister a model plane which she will l

26、ike to play. _,_,_,_,_,_,6.It is the most exciting football match which I have seen. _7.Which we know, heavy objects and light objects fall at the same speed unless air holds them back. _8.He doesnt have such a mind that is necessary to a scientist. _9.The radio which I bought it last week has gone

27、wrong. _10.On the wall hung a picture, which color is blue. _,_,_,_,_,_,14. What surprised me was not what he said but _ he said it.A. the way B. in the way thatC. in the way D. the way which 15. Why does she always ask you for help?There is no one else _ , is there?A. who to turn to B. she can turn

28、 toC. for whom turn D. for her to turn 16. By using your eyes you can tell the direction _ light comes.A. in which B. from whichC. with which D. on which,A,B,A,17. Can you tell me the name of the shop _ you paid a visit last week?A. what B. which C. to which D. to that 18. I, who _ your friend, will

29、 try my best to help you.A. be B. am C. are D. is 19. The last question _ can be used by you.A. which he asked B. that he was asked itC. he asked D. he asked it,C,B,C,20. Have you ever asked him the reason _ may explain his absence?A. why B. when C. that D. what 21. The box, _ color is red and white

30、, is for putting old books.A. which B. whose C. its D. that 22. _ she could do was to go back home.A. All what B. All that C. All this D. All which,C,B,B,形容词性从句（定语从句）主语从句表语从句复合句 名词性从句宾语从句同位语从句副词性从句（状语从句）,主语从句,主语从句在复合句中做主句的主语。引导主语从句的词有：连词：that whether;连接代词：who what which;连接副词：when where how why等That

31、he will come to the party excited us.Whether you can succeed depends on yourself.,Who won the game is now known.What he said is right.When we shall meet again is unknown. that 一般置于句首，引导的是一个完整 的陈述句 that 在从句中无任何意义，不作成分，只起连接作用，但不可以省略有时，为了平衡句子结构或为了表示强调，常用 it 作形式主语，把 that 引导的主语从句放到后面。,常用的句式主要有：It + be +

32、形容词 + that从句常用的形容词有:likely, right , wrong, certain, necessary, important, natural, strange, obvious, clear等It is necessary that we (should) buy a Chinese-English dictionary.It is likely that there will be a snowstorm tomorrow. 在“It is necessary /important/strange/natural +that从句”结构中，从句谓语动词常用“should

33、+动词原形”，should 也可省略。,It + be + 名词 + that 从句常用的名词有：a pity, a shame, a fact, an honor, a wonder, no wonder, good news等It is a pity that you didnt attend the lecture.It is no wonder that you have achieved so much success. It + be +动词-ed + that 从句常用的动词-ed 形式：said, believed, hoped, reported, told, thought

34、, advised, decided, suggested, ordered等It is said that the famous writer will visit our school next week.,It was suggested that each student (should) sing a song in English. 在“It is advised/decided/suggested/ordered+ that从句”结构中，从句谓语动词常用 “should +动词原形”，should 也可省略。 It +特殊动词+ that 从句常用的动词有: happen, (d

35、oesnt) matter, occur, make difference 等It happened that I knew how to deal with it.It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not.,表语从句,表语从句在复合句中作主句的表语，放在系动词之后。引导表语从句的词有：连词：that whether;连接代词：who what which;连接副词：when where how why另外，because, as if/though也可引导表语从句。The reason why he was late was that he di

36、dnt get up on time.,The question is whether he will come or not.Changsha is not what it used to be.This is how we got out of trouble then.It looks as if it is going to rain. that在从句中无任何意义，不作成分，只起连接作用，但不可以省略当主语为advice, decision, demand, suggestion, order等表示要求、主张、建议、命令的词时，从句谓语动词为“should +动词原形”，should

37、可以省略。My advice is that you (should) stop smoking.,同位语从句,同位语从句在句子中起同位语的作用。它一般跟在某些名词（ fact, idea, news, promise 等）的后面，用以说明或解释前面的名词。引导同位语从句的有连词that,少数情况也用whether, how, when, where, why等。The news that they won the match is true.The student asked me the question whether the book was worth reading., that在

38、从句中无任何意义，不作成分，只起连接作用，但不可以省略.同位语从句与定语从句的区别：The news that they won the game is true.The news （that ）you told us is true.a.从意义上讲，前者对名词加以解释说明，后者对名词进行修饰、限定。b.从结构上讲，前者由连词that引导，不作成分，不可省略，后者由关系词引导，代替先行词在从句中作某个成分，作宾语时可省略。,填入适当的引导词,1._ he wants is a book2._ he wants to go there is obvious. 3.Is _ he told us

39、true ? 4.It has been proved _ eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illness in later life.5._ was most important to her, she told me, was her family.6._ matters most in learning English is enough practice.,7. It is none of your business _ other people think about you. B

40、elieve yourself. 8._parents say and do has a life-long effect on their children. 9._ he will come here on Wednesday is not certain. 10._ he came here is not known. 11._he will go or not is not clear. 12._ will take part in the physics contest will be announced this afternoon.,1.(08北京卷) The companies

41、 are working together to create they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century.A. which B. that C. what D. who 2.(08上海春卷) The news _ our athletes won another gold medal was reported in yesterdays newspaperA. which B. whether C. what D. that 3.(08上海春卷) _ we are sure about is the ne

42、ed to prevent children from being spoiled A. What B. Which C. Whether D. That,4.(08上海卷) As his best friend, I can make accurate guesses about _ he will do or think.A. what B. which C. whom D. that 5.(08上海卷) It has been proved _ eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illn

43、ess in later life.A. if B. because C. when D. that 6.(08天津卷)The last time we had great fun was _ we were visiting the Water Park.A. where B. how C. when D. why 7.(08重庆卷)People in Chongqing are proud of_ they have achieved in the past ten years.A. that B. which C. what D. how,8.(08安徽卷) Students are a

44、lways interested in finding out _they can go with a new teacher.A. how far B. how soon C. how often D. how long 9.(08浙江卷) _wants to stay in a hotel has to pay their own way.A.Anyone B.The one C.Whoever D. Who 10.(08浙江卷) Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from

45、 _ their parents speak at home.A. what B. that C. which D. one,11.(08湖南卷)When asked _ they needed most, the kids said they wanted to feel important and loved.A. what B. why C. whom D. which 12.(08陕西卷) Tomorrow is Toms birthday. Have you got any idea the party is to be held?A. what B. which C. that D

46、. where 13.(08福建卷) _ is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing.A. It B. What C. As D. Which 14.(08山东卷) _ was most important to her, she told me, was her family.A. It B. This C. What D. As,1._ matters most in learning English is enough practice. 2007 全国卷II A. What B

47、. Why C. Where D. Which 2. _ he referred to in his article was unknown to the general reader. 2007 上海卷A. That B. What C. Whether D. Where 3. The traditional view is _ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so. 2007 上海卷A. when B. why C. whether D. that 4. Could I speak to is in char

48、ge of International Sales ,please? 2007 山东卷Aanyone Bsomeone Cwhoever DNo matter who,5. You can only be sure of_ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something _ you might get in the future. 2007 安徽卷A. that; what B. what; / C. which; that D. /; that 6. Wheres that report?I brought it to you _yo

49、u were in Mr. Blacks office yesterday. 2007 北京卷A. if B. when C. because D. before 7. It is none of your business other people think about you. Believe yourself. 2007 福建卷A. how B. what C. which D. when 8. Having checked the doors were closed , and _ all the lights were off, the boy opened the door to his bedroom. 2007 湖南卷A. why B. that C. when D. where,