专业英语八级27及答案解析.doc

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1、专业英语八级27及答案解析 (总分：76.98，做题时间：120分钟)一、PART I LISTENING (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Burnout crimes when the reality of life is less than our expectations. And it has become a common psychological problem. School teachers and full-time housewives with children at home are among the (1) 1groups likely to suffer from

2、 burnout. The symptoms of the condition were first noticed among human service agency workers but the condition affects (2) 2to a degree. The symptoms of burnout can be divided into three stages. First is confusion. The worker may sometimes have a cold or chronic (3) 3. He may seem to lose his sense

3、 of humor and many things running through his mind (4) 4in a discussion. Cocoon phenomenon begins in the stage of (5) 5burnout which is characterized by more illness and absenteeism. In that stage workers may have gray faces from 3 p.m. in the office until five accompanying a lot of (6) 6. It is the

4、 result of people (7) 7their lives. The third stage is termed despair. There is depression and an increase in drinking and risk-taking. The person tends to pull into a shell, which means he minimizes work and (8) 8as much as possible. Although burnout is mainly work-related, it can occur in any of t

5、he multiple (9) 9most people perform. People can learn some strategies to improve their skills at doing something about it. One of them is called (10) 10strategy which is frequently used. （分数：1.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_二、SECTION B INTERVI(总题数：1，分数：1.00)(1).If af

6、ter vigorous exercise a persons pulse rate remains high for a long while, he or she_.（分数：0.20）A.has an unusually strong heartB.must be suffering from some diseaseC.should go to the hospital to have a check-upD.needs to reduce the intensity of the exercise(2).One way in which exercise can improve our

7、 health is that it helps us to_.（分数：0.20）A.lose weightB.sweatC.build musclesD.gain confidence(3).Dieting is not an effective way to lose weight unless_.（分数：0.20）A.it is accompanied by exercisingB.you drink nothing but milkC.you avoid eating fatty meatD.you take more vitamins when exercising(4).The p

8、roblem with most Americans diet is that they_.（分数：0.20）A.drink too much milkB.drink too much alcoholC.consume too much meat and sugarD.dont get enough thiamine(5).According to Dr. Mirkin, drugs such as amphetamines cannot increase an athletes performance,（分数：0.20）A.because they actually do harm to h

9、is or her healthB.because they only stimulate his or her imaginationC.because they increase his or her strength only temporarilyD.because they actually slow down his or her reactions三、SECTION C NEWS BR(总题数：2，分数：1.00)2. The news is mainly about the city governments plan to _.（分数：0.50）A.expand and imp

10、rove the existing subway system.B.build underground malls and parking lots.C.prevent further land subsidence.D.promote advanced technology.3.Some voters will waste their ballots because （分数：0.50）A.they like neither candidate.B.they are all ill-informed.C.the candidates do not differ much.D.they do n

11、ot want to vote twice.四、PART II GENERAL K(总题数：10，分数：10.00)4. Which of the following is NOT a romantic poet?（分数：1.00）A.William Wordsworth.B.George Elliot.C.George G. Byron.D.Percy B. Shelley.5. _is defined as an expression of human emotion which is condensed into fourteen lines. _.（分数：1.00）A.Free ver

12、seB.SonnetC.OdeD.Epigram6. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language?（分数：1.00）A.Arbitrariness.B.Productivity.C.Cultural transmission.D.Finiteness.7. Who were the natives of Australia before the arrival of the British settlers?（分数：1.00）A.The Aborigines.B.The Maori.C.The In

13、dians.D.The Eskimos.8. U. S. presidents normally serve a(n)_term.（分数：1.00）A.two-yearB.four-yearC.six-yearD.eight-year9. The President during the American Civil War was_.（分数：1.00）A.Andrew Jackson.B.Abraham Lincoln.C.Thomas Jefferson.D.George Washington.10. What essentially distinguishes semantics and

14、 pragmatics is the notion of_.（分数：1.00）A.reference.B.meaning.C.antonymy.D.context.11. The capital of New Zealand is_.（分数：1.00）A.Christchurch.B.Auckland.C.Wellington.D.Hamilton.12. The distinction between parole and langue was made by_.（分数：1.00）A.Halliday.B.Chomsky.C.Bloomfield.D.Saussure.13. The Pri

15、me Minister in Britain is head of_.（分数：1.00）A.the Shadow Cabinet.B.the Parliament.C.the Opposition.D.the Cabinet.五、PART III READING (总题数：4，分数：4.00)Do you ever feel as though you spend all your time in meetings? Henry Mintzberg, in his book The Nature of Managerial Work, found that in large organizat

16、ions managers spent 22 per cent of their time at their desk, 6 per cent on the telephone, 3 per cent on other activities, but a whopping 69 per cent in meetings. There is a widely-held but mistaken belief that meetings are for solving problems and making decisions. For a start, the number of people

17、attending a meeting tends to be inversely proportional to their collective ability to reach conclusions and make decisions. And these are the least important elements. Instead hours are devoted to side issues, playing elaborate games with one another. It seems, therefore, that meetings serve some pu

18、rpose other than just making decisions. All meetings have one thing in common: role-playing. The most formal role is that of chairman. He sets the agenda, and a good chairman will keep the meeting running on time and to the point. Sadly, the other, informal, role-players are often able to gain the u

19、pper hand. Chief is the constant talker, who just loves to hear his or her own voice. Then there are the cant do types who want to maintain the status quo. Since they have often been in the organization for a long time, they frequently quote historical experience as an excuse to block change: It won

20、t work, we tried that last year and it was a disaster. A more subtle version of the cant do type, the yes, but. , has emerged recently. They have learnt about the need to sound positive, but they still cant bear to have things changed. Another whole sub-set of characters are people who love meetings

21、 and want them to continue until 5: 30 p.m. or beyond. Irrelevant issues are their speciality. They need to call or attend meetings, either to avoid work, or to justify their lack of performance, or simply because they do not have enough to do. Then there are the counter-dependents, those who usuall

22、y disagree with everything that is said, particularly if it comes from the chairman or through consensus from the group. These people need to fight authority in whatever form. Meetings can also provide attenders with a sense of identification of their status and power. In this case, managers arrange

23、 meetings as a means of communicating to others the boundaries of their exclusive club: who is in, and who is not. Because so many meetings end in confusion and without a decision, another game is played at the end of meetings, called reaching a false consensus. Since it is important for the chairma

24、n to appear successful in problem-solving and making a decision, the group reaches a false consensus. Everyone is happy, having spent their time productively. The reality is that the decision is so ambiguous that it is never acted upon, or, if it is, there is continuing conflict, for Which another m

25、eeting is necessary. In the end, meetings provide the opportunity for social intercourse, to engage in battle in front of our bosses, to avoid unpleasant or unsatisfying work, to highlight our social status and identity. They are, in fact, a necessary though not necessarily productive psychological

26、sideshow. Perhaps it is our civilized way of moderating, if not preventing, change. （分数：0.99）(1).On role-playing, the passage seems to indicate that chairman（分数：0.33）A.talks as much as participants.B.is usually a constant talker.C.prefers to take the role of an observer.D.is frequently outshone by p

27、articipants.(2).Which of the following is NOT a distinct characteristic of the three types of participants?（分数：0.33）A.Submissiveness.B.Stubbornness.C.Disobedience.D.Lack of focus.(3).The passage suggests that a false consensus was reached at the end of a meeting in order to （分数：0.33）A.make room for

28、another meeting.B.bring an illusory sense of achievement.C.highlight the importance of a metting.D.go ahead with the agreed programme.A magazines design is more than decoration, more than simple packaging. It expresses the magazines very character. The Atlantic Monthly has long attempted to provide

29、a design environment in which two disparate traditions - literary and journalistic - can co-exist in pleasurable dignity. The redesign that we introduce with this issue - the work of our art director, Judy Garlan - represents, we think, a notable enhancement of that environment. Garlan explains some

30、 of what was in her mind as she began to create the new design:I saw this as an opportunity to bring the look closer to matching the elegance and power of the writing which the magazine is known for. The overall design has to be able to encompass a great diversity of styles and subjects - urgent pie

31、ces of reporting, serious essays, lighter pieces, lifestyle-oriented pieces, short stories, poetry. We dont want lighter pieces to seem too heavy, and we dont want heavier pieces to seem too pretty. We also use a broad range of art and photography, and the design has to work well with that, too. At

32、the same time, the magazine needs to have a consistent feel, needs to underscore the sense that everything in it is part of one Atlantic world. The primary typefaces Garlan chose for this task are Times Roman, for a more readable body type, and Bauer Bodoni, for a more stylish and flexible display t

33、ype (article titles, large initials, and so on). Other aspects of the new design are structural. The articles in the front of the magazine, which once flowed into one another, now stand on their own, to gain prominence. The travel column, now featured in every issue, has been moved from the back to

34、the front. As noted in this space last month, the word Monthly rejoins The Atlantic on the cover, after a decade-long absence. Judy Garlan came to the Atlantic in 1981 after having served as the art director of several other magazines. During her tenure here The Atlantic has won more than 300 awards

35、 for visual excellence, from the society of illustrators, the American Institute of Graphic Arts, the Art Directors Club, Communication Arts, and elsewhere. Garlan was in various ways assisted in the redesign by the entire art-department staff. Robin Gilmore, Betsy Urrico, Gillian Kahn, and Lisa Man

36、ning. The artist Nicholas Gaetano contributed as well. he redrew our colophon (the figure of Neptune that appears on the contents page) and created the symbols that will appear regularly on this page (a rendition of our building), on the Puzzler page, above the opening of letters, and on the masthea

37、d. Gaetano, whose work manages to combine stylish clarity and breezy strength, is the cover artist of this issue. （分数：0.99）(1).Part of the new design is to be concerned with the following EXCEPT（分数：0.33）A.variation in the typefaces.B.reorganization of articles in the front.C.creation of the travel c

38、olumn.D.reinstatement of its former name.(2).According to the passage, the new design work involves（分数：0.33）A.other artists as well.B.other writers as well.C.only the cover artist.D.only the art director.(3).This article aims to（分数：0.33）A.emphasize the importance of a magazines design.B.introduce th

39、e magazines art director.C.persuade the reader to subscribe to the magazine.D.inform the reader of its new design and features.Human migration, the term is vague. What people usually think of is the permanent movement of people from one home to another. More broadly, though, migration means all the

40、ways - from the seasonal drift of agricultural workers within a country to the relocation of refugees from one country to another. Migration is big, dangerous, compelling. It is 60 million Europeans leaving home from the 16th to the 20th centuries. It is some 15 million Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims sw

41、ept up in a tumultuous shuffle of citizens between India and Pakistan after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947. Migration is the dynamic undertow of population change, everyones solution, everyones conflict. As the century turns, migration, with its inevitable economic and political turmoil,

42、has been called one of the greatest challenges of the coming century. But it is much more than that. It is, as it has always been, the great adventure of human life. Migration helped create humans, drove us to conquer the planet, shaped our societies, and promises to reshape them again. You have a h

43、istory book written in your genes,said Spencer Wells. The book hes trying to read goes back to long before even the first word was written, and it is a story of migration. Wells, a tall, blond geneticist at Stanford University, spent the summer of 1998 exploring remote parts of Transcaucasia and Cen

44、tral Asia with three colleagues in a Land Rover, looking for drops of blood. In theblood, donated by the people he met, he will search for the story that genetic markers can tell of the long paths human life has taken across the Earth. Genetic studies are the latest technique in a long effort of mod

45、ern humans to find out where they have come from. But however the paths are traced, the basic story is simple, people have been moving since they were people. If early humans hadnt moved and intermingled as much as they did, they probably would have continued to evolve into different species. From b

46、eginnings in Africa, most researchers agree, groups of hunter- gatherers spread out, driven to the ends of the Earth. To demographer Kingsley Davis, two things made migration happen. First, human beings, with their tools and language, could adapt to different conditions without having to wait for ev

47、olution to make them suitable for a new niche. Second, as populations grew, cultures began to differ, and inequalities developed between groups. The first factor gave us the keys to the door of any room on the planet; the other gave us reasons to use them. Over the centuries, as agriculture spread across the planet, people moved toward places where metal was found and worked and to centers of commerce that then became cities. Those places were in turn, invaded and overrun by peop