专业八级-675及答案解析.doc

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1、专业八级-675 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART LISTENING COM(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A(总题数：1，分数：10.00)填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_三、SECTION B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to an

2、swer each of the following five questions.Now listen to the interview.（分数：5.00）(1).The conversation is primarily concerned with _.（分数：1.00）A.the development of the rubber industry in MalaysiaB.the impact of rubber industry on MalaysiaC.the uneven distribution of wealth in MalaysiaD.the current situa

3、tion in Malaysia(2).What percentage does rubber industry account for in the Gross National Product in Malaysia?（分数：1.00）A.12%.B.20%.C.30%.D.13%.(3).Malaysia is in a good position internationally because _.（分数：1.00）A.it produces a large amount of rubber oil every yearB.it is rich in fossil resourcesC

4、.it is rich in rubber resourcesD.it is a wealthy country with a large population(4).How many people are involved with the production of rubber in Malaysia?（分数：1.00）A.13 million.B.7 million.C.3 million.D.30 million.(5).Which of the following is NOT the problem a smallholder of rubber business has to

5、face in Malaysia?（分数：1.00）A.Financial problems.B.Boredom.C.Fatigue.D.Lack of insurance schemes.四、SECTION C(总题数：2，分数：5.00)Questions 6 to 8 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question.Now listen to the news.（分数：3.00）(1).Apple was t

6、he first to make popular _.（分数：1.00）A.Windows operating systemB.a graphical user interfaceC.the use of iconsD.the use of personal computer(2).When did Apple started to sell shares to the public?（分数：1.00）A.In 1980.B.In 1984.C.In 1976.D.In 1986.(3).When did Apple released the first Macintosh?（分数：1.00）

7、A.In 1981.B.In 1982.C.In 1984.D.In 1994.Questions 9 to 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question.Now listen to the news.（分数：2.00）(1).According to the findings by the American researchers, what is of help in relieving patient

8、s pain and worry?（分数：1.00）A.Brain.B.Skin.C.Medicine.D.A sharp needl(2).Magnetic resonance imaging devices can show _.（分数：1.00）A.dependence on illegal drugsB.targeted points on the bodyC.the change in the flow of bloodD.whether a patient can be treated by acupuncture五、PART READING COMPR(总题数：0，分数：0.00

9、)六、TEXT A(总题数：1，分数：4.00)According to legend, Aesculapius bore two daughters, Panacea and Hyegeia, who gave rise to dynasties of healers and hygienists. The schism (分离) remains today, in clinical training and in practice; and, because of the imperative nature of medical care and the subtlety of healt

10、h care, the former has tended to dominate. Preventive medicine has as its primary objective the maintenance and promotion of health. It accomplishes this by controlling or manipulating environmental factors that affect health and disease. For example, in California presently there is serious sufferi

11、ng and substantial economic loss because of the failure to introduce controlled fluoridation (加氟作用) of public water supplies. Additionally, preventive medicine applies prophylactic (预防性的) measures against disease by such actions as immunization and specific nutritional measures. Third, it attempts t

12、o motivate people to adopt healthful lifestyles through education.For the most part, curative medicine has as its primary objective the removal of disease from the patient. It provides diagnostic techniques to identify the presence and nature of the disease process. While these may be applied on a m

13、ass basis in an attempt to “screen“ out persons with preclinical disease, they are usually applied after the patient appears with a complaint. Second, it applies treatment to the sick patient. In every case, this is, or should be, individualized according to the particular need of each patient. Thir

14、d, it utilizes rehabilitation methodologies to return the treated patient to the best possible level of functioning.While it is true that both preventive medicine and curative medicine require cadres of similarly trained personnel such as planners, administrators, and educators, the underlying deliv

15、ery systems depend on quite distinctive professional personnel. The requirements for curative medicine call for clinically trained individuals who deal with patients on a one-to-one basis and whose training is based primarily on an understanding of the biological, pathological, and psychological pro

16、cesses that determine an individuals health and disease status. The locus (地方)for this training is the laboratory and clinic. Preventive medicine, on the other hand, calls for a very broad spectrum of professional personnel, few of whom require clinical expertise. Since their actions apply either to

17、 environmental situations or to population groups, their training takes place in a different type of laboratory or in a community not necessarily associated with the clinical locus.The economic differences between preventive medicine and curative medicine have been extensively discussed, perhaps mos

18、t convincingly by Winslow in the monograph The Cost of Sickness and the Price of Health. Sickness is almost always a negative, nonproductive and harmful state. All resources expended to deal with sickness are therefore fundamentally economically unproductive. Health, on the other hand, has a very hi

19、gh value in our culture. To the extent that healthy members of the population are replaced by sick members, the economy is doubly burdened. Nevertheless, the per capita cost of preventive measures for specific diseases is generally far lower than the per capita cost of curative medicine applied to t

20、reatment of the same disease. Prominent examples are dental caries (蛀牙) , poliomyelitis(脊髓灰质炎 ) and phenylketonuria (苯丙酮尿) .There is an imperative need to provide care for the sick person within a single medical care system, but there is no overriding reason why a linkage is necessary between the tw

21、o components of a health care system, prevention and treatment. A national health and medical care program composed of semiautonomous systems for personal health care and medical care would have the advantage of clarifying objectives and strategies and of permitting a more equitable division of reso

22、urces between prevention and cure.（分数：4.00）(1).The authors primary concern is to _.（分数：1.00）A.refute a counterargumentB.draw a distinctionC.discuss a dilemmaD.isolate causes(2).It can be inferred that the author regards a program of controlled fluoridation of public water supplies as _.（分数：1.00）A.an

23、 unnecessary government program that wastes economic resourcesB.a potentially valuable strategy of preventive medicineC.a government policy that has relatively little effect on the health of a populationD.an important element of curative medicine(3).Which of the following best explains the authors u

24、se of the phrase “doubly burdened“ in Par（分数：1.00）A.4?A. A person who is ill does not contribute to production; treatment consumes economic resources.B. The per capita cost of preventive measures is only one-half of the per capita cost of treatment.C. The division between preventive medicine and cur

25、ative medicine requires duplication of administrative expenses.D. The individual who is ill must be rehabilitated after the cure has been successful.(4).It can be inferred that the author regards Winslows monograph (in Par（分数：1.00）A.4) as _.A. ill-conceivedB. incompleteC. authoritativeD. well organi

26、zed七、TEXT B(总题数：1，分数：4.00)Two techniques have recently been developed to simplify research and reduce the number of nonhuman primates needed in studies of certain complex hormonal reactions. One technique involves the culturing of primate pituitary (垂体) cells and the cells of certain human tumors. I

27、n the other, animal oviduct (输卵管) tissue is transplanted under the skin of laboratory primates. Both culturing techniques complement existing methods of studying intact (完整的) animals.With an in vitro culturing technique, researchers are deciphering how biochemical agents regulate the secretion of pr

28、olactin (催乳激素), the pituitary hormone that promotes milk production. The cultured cells survive for as long as a month, and they do not require serum (血清), a commonly used culture ingredient that can influence cellular function and confound study results. One primate pituitary gland may yield enough

29、 cells for as many as 72 culture dishes, which otherwise would require as many animals.The other technique allows scientists to monitor cellular differentiation in the reproductive tracts of female monkeys. While falling short of the long-sought goal of developing an in vitro model of the female rep

30、roductive system, the next-best alternative was achieved. The method involves transplanting oviduct tissue to an easily accessible site under the skin, where the grafted cells behave exactly as if they were in their normal environment. In about 80 percent of the grafts, blood vessels in surrounding

31、abdominal skin grow into and begin nourishing the oviduct tissue. Otherwise, the tissue is largely isolated, walled off by the surrounding skin. A cyst (囊胞) forms that shrinks and swells in tandem(一前一后的串联) with stages of the menstrual cycle. With about 80 percent of the grafts reestablishing themsel

32、ves in the new site, a single monkey may bear as many as 20 miniature oviducts that are easily accessible for study. Because samples are removed with a simple procedure requiring only local anesthesia, scientists can track changes in oviduct cells over short intervals. In contrast, repeated analysis

33、 of cellular changes within the oviduct itself would require abdominal surgery every time a sample was taken-a procedure that the animals could not tolerate.Scientists are using the grafting technique to study Chlamydia (衣原体) infections, a leading cause of infertility among women. By infecting ovidu

34、ct tissues transplanted into the abdominal skin of rhesus (罗猴) monkeys, researchers hope to determine how the bacteria cause pelvic inflammatory disease and lesions (损害) that obstruct the oviduct. Such research could eventually lead to the development of antibodies to the infectious agent and a stra

35、tegy for producing a Chlamydia vaccine.（分数：4.00）(1).This passage deals primarily with _.（分数：1.00）A.reproductive organs of nonhuman primatesB.diseases of the pituitary glandsC.in vitro studies of pituitary hormonesD.techniques for studying hormonal reactions(2).According to the passage, the primary b

36、enefit of the new research is that _.（分数：1.00）A.scientists can study the pituitary gland for the first timeB.the procedures are simpler and require fewer laboratory animalsC.the study of intact laboratory animals has now been rendered obsoleteD.researchers were able to discover prolactin(3).All of t

37、he following are true of the transplantation technique EXCEPT that _.（分数：1.00）A.it avoids the need for subjecting a laboratory subject to repeated major surgeryB.it permits scientists to monitor changes frequentlyC.the transplanted cells grow as they would in their normal siteD.the transplanted cell

38、s can be easily grown in vitro(4).According to the passage, Chlamydia causes infertility in women by _.（分数：1.00）A.causing tissue changes which block the oviductB.shrinking and swelling tissues in conjunction with the menstrual cycleC.allowing skin tissue to encyst reproductive tissueD.necessitating

39、abdominal surgery to remove damaged tissue八、TEXT C(总题数：1，分数：4.00)In the summer of 999, Leif Erikson voyaged to Norway and spent the following winter with King Olaf Tryggvason. Substantially the same account is given by both the Saga of Eric the Red and the Flat Island Book. The latter says nothing a

40、bout Leifs return voyage to Greenland, but according to the former it was during this return voyage that Leif discovered America. The Flat Island Book, however, tells of another and earlier landfall by Biarni, the son of a prominent man named Heriulf, and makes that the inspiration for the voyage to

41、 the new land by Leif. In brief, like Leif, Biarni and his companions sight three countries in succession before reaching Greenland, and to come upon each new land takes I “doegr“ (time record) more than the last until Biarni comes to land directly in front of his father s house in the last-mentione

42、d country.This narrative has been rejected by most later writers, and they may be justified. Possibly, Biarni was a companion of Leif when he voyaged from Norway to Greenland via America, or it may be that the entire tale is but a garbled account of that voyage and Biarni another name for Leif. It s

43、hould be noted, however, that the stories of Leif s visit to King Olaf and Biarnis to that kings predecessor are in the same narrative in the Flat Island Book, so there is less likelihood of duplication than if they were from different sources. Also, Biarni landed on none of the lands he passed, but

44、 Leif apparently landed on one, for he brought back specimens of wheat, vines, and timber. Nor is there any good reason to believe that the first land visited by Biarni was Wineland. The first land was “level and covered with woods,“ and “there were small hillocks upon it.“ Of forests, later writers

45、 do not emphasize them particularly in connection with Wineland, though they are often noted incidentally; and of hills, the Saga says of Wineland only that “wherever there was hilly ground, there were vines.“Additionally, if the two narratives were taken from the same source we should expect a clos

46、er resemblance of Helluland. The Saga says of it: “They found there hellus (large flat stones).“ According to the Biarni narrative, however, “this land was high and mountainous.“ The intervals of 1, 2, 3, and 4 “doegr“ in both narratives are suggestive, but mythic formulas of this kind may be introd

47、uced into narratives without altogether destroying their historicity. It is also held against the Biarni narrative that its hero is made to come upon the coast of Greenland exactly in front of his fathers home. But it should be recalled that Heriulfsness lay below two high mountains which served as

48、landmarks for navigators.I would give up Biarni more readily were it not that the story of Leifs voyage contained in the supposedly more reliable Saga is almost as amazing. But Leifs voyage across the entire width of the North Atlantic is said to be “probable“ because it is incorporated into the nar

49、rative of a preferred authority, while Biarnis is “improbable“ or even “impossible“ because the document containing it has been condemned.（分数：4.00）(1).The authors primary concern is to demonstrate that _.（分数：1.00）A.Leif Erikson did not visit AmericaB.Biarni might have visited America before Leif EriksonC.Biarni did not visit WinelandD.Leif Erikson v