专业八级-448及答案解析.doc

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1、专业八级-448 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、TRANSLATION(总题数：5，分数：100.00)1.Music reached its pinnacle in the 19th century. Every leading nation produced its share of great composers. There was a bewildering array of national schools and musical styles as the once obscure musician came into his own. Music b

2、ecame a widespread and democratic art. The ardent music lover turned to Vienna as the music center at the beginning of the last century. However, Paris was not far behind, especially in the field of operatic music. As the century progressed, the Germans became paramount in orchestral and symphonic m

3、usic. The growth of German music can be said to have culminated with Ludwig van Beethoven. Beethoven was able to free music from the traditions which had tended to constrict it. He was a child prodigy who held an important musical post at the age of 14. He was a successful concert pianist, but when

4、his health began to fail he turned to composing. Even though bereft of hearing at the age of 49, he did not falter in his work. （分数：20.00）_2.There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case t

5、he education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association. It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience, but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious as

6、sociations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. Only gradually was the by-pr

7、oduct of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human

8、 association under which the world“s work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output. But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance. （分数：20.00）_3.The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basi

9、c intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the int

10、ellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law. If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parc

11、el of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. On the other, it links these concepts to ever

12、yday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. （分数：20.00）_4.The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. It leads the discussion to extremes at the

13、outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think t

14、hat animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistakea sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans. But the most elementary form of moral reasoning is to weigh others“ interests against one“s own. To se

15、e an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. When that happens, it is not a mistake, it is mankind“s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. （分数：20.00）_5.Many Americans find silence uncomfortable during a buffet or a forma

16、l dinner. So in the States there is a widespread practice of making “small talk“ in certain social situations. Small talk deals with various topics superficially, simply for the sake of keeping a conversation going. The topics might include the weather, sports, college courses, clothing, food, etc.

17、Small talk is especially useful at social gatherings when you meet someone for the first time, or when polite conversation is expected but no serious discussion is desired. It is common but not necessarily expected that one knows someone in a group before engaging with him or her in conversation. Ho

18、wever, at a party or other informal social gathering, a simple “May I join you?“ and a self-introduction is normally sufficient to gain acceptance into a group and to join in a conversation. In some places, such as the lobby of a concert hall or theater, a waiting room or a classroom, it is common f

19、or strangers to start a conversation even without an introduction. （分数：20.00）_专业八级-448 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、TRANSLATION(总题数：5，分数：100.00)1.Music reached its pinnacle in the 19th century. Every leading nation produced its share of great composers. There was a bewildering array of national schoo

20、ls and musical styles as the once obscure musician came into his own. Music became a widespread and democratic art. The ardent music lover turned to Vienna as the music center at the beginning of the last century. However, Paris was not far behind, especially in the field of operatic music. As the c

21、entury progressed, the Germans became paramount in orchestral and symphonic music. The growth of German music can be said to have culminated with Ludwig van Beethoven. Beethoven was able to free music from the traditions which had tended to constrict it. He was a child prodigy who held an important

22、musical post at the age of 14. He was a successful concert pianist, but when his health began to fail he turned to composing. Even though bereft of hearing at the age of 49, he did not falter in his work. （分数：20.00）_正确答案：()解析：音乐在十九世纪达到了高峰。每个主要国家都有了自己的伟大的作曲家。随着昔日风格尚不明确的音乐家自成派别，各国的音乐学派和风格异彩纷呈。音乐成了普遍的、

23、民众的艺术。热情的音乐爱好者涌向维也纳，这个城市成为了上个世纪初叶的音乐中心。但是，巴黎也不甘其后，在歌剧音乐方面尤为出色。随着十九世纪时间的推移，德国在管弦交响乐方面占据了首位。可以说，德国音乐的发展随着路德维希冯贝多芬的出现而登峰造极，因为他使音乐从传统的束缚中解脱出来。贝多芬是一位音乐神童，14岁就担任音乐方面的要职。他是一位杰出的音乐会钢琴演奏家，但当他的健康开始衰退时，他转而从事作曲活动。虽然 49岁时双耳失聪，但他仍然坚定不移地工作。 解析 (1)第一段第一句中，pinnacle 意为“顶峰，顶点”。 (2)第一段第二句中，注意 share一词的译法。share 作名词时本意为“股

24、份，份额”，在这里指代的是great composers，翻译时需明确这一含义。produced its share of great composers 可译作“有了自己的伟大的作曲家”。 (3)第一段第三句为 there be句型，翻译时可调整原文语序，将其译为“各国的音乐学派和风格”则更符合汉语的表达习惯。由上下文可知，这里的 schools若当作“国立学校”来译则显然语义不通，应将其理解为“学派”。obscure 有“名不见经传”和“不清楚，模糊”的含义，它在此修饰的是 musician，故结合语境可将其译为“风格尚不明确的”。 (4)第一段倒数第二句中，turn to 本意为“转向，

25、求助于”，在此处应结合语境，根据后面的宾语 Vienna将其引申为“涌向”。 (5)原文第二段第一句中 paramount意为“最高的，至上的，首要的”，became paramount in 表示在方面变得极其重要；orchestral and symphonic music 意为“管弦交响乐”。 (6)原文第二段第二句使用了被动语态，根据汉语的表达习惯，在翻译时应转换为主动语态，将其译为“可以说”。culminate 意为“达到极点”。介词结构 with Ludwig van Beethoven在翻译时可处理成伴随状语，并根据需要补充谓语结构，译作“随着的出现”。 (7)原文第二段最后一句

26、要注意 bereft和 falter的含义，两词分别意为“失去的，缺少的”和“畏缩，衰弱，衰退”。2.There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason

27、of the association. It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience, but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and

28、to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered a

29、s a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world“s work is carried on receives little attention as compa

30、red with physical output. But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance. （分数：20.00）_正确答案：()解析：与他人相处所得到的教育和对年轻人的刻意的教育之间，存在着巨大的差别。对于前者，教育是附带产生的，虽然它极自然也很重要，但是，这并不是人际交往的明显目的。虽然我们可以说衡量任何一个社会机构价值的标准是其在丰富和完善人生方面所起的作用，但这种作用并不是我们最初的动机的组成部分。比如，宗教

31、团体是为了祈求神灵的庇佑、趋避邪恶才产生的；家庭则是为了满足欲望并维系家庭长久；系统的劳作大多是因为被他人奴役等等。人们只是逐渐地注意到机构的这一副产品，而人们把这种作用视为机构运作的指导性因素的过程则更为缓慢。即使是在当今我们的工业化生活中，除了勤奋和节约等某些价值观之外，整个世界运行所依赖的人类各种形式的交往中存在的智力和情感反应，与物质产出相比，受到的关注很少。但是在与年轻人打交道时，交往本身作为一种直接的人为事实，却得到了重视。 解析 (1)第二句中，express 在此处用作形容词，意为“明显的”。 (2)第三句是一个由 but连接的并列复合句。前一分句中的 that引导主语从句，后

32、一分句为简单句。翻译时，It may be said that.通常译为主动语态“我们可以说”、“有人也许说”等。主语从句的主语the measure和表语 its effect后的后置定语翻译时应前置。 (3)第四句是由分号连接的三个并列分句组成。第二和第三个分句省略了与第一个分句相同的谓语动词began。翻译时为忠于原文，省略的部分可以不译出。secure 本义为“获得，使安全，保卫”，此处结合语境，句中第一个 secure可译为“获得”，第二个译为“维系”。overruling 由动词 overrule而来，overruling powers“统治一切的力量”，指的是神灵。ward of

33、f 意为“避开，防止”。appetite 不能简单译作“食欲”，可译为“欲望”。Enslavement 意为“奴役，束缚”。 (4)第五句包含两个由 only引导的强调性部分倒装句。翻译时应按照汉语的习惯重新调整词序，以保证译文结构顺畅，同时要体现出原文的强调语气。此外，应将两个分句的被动语态转换为主动语态，同时增补泛指性的词语“人们”、“大家”等作主语。noted 在句中意为“注意，留意”。根据其后置定语 of the institution可以确定，conduct 意为“经营、管理方式”，此处可处理成“机构的运行”。3.The study of law has been recognize

34、d for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a

35、necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law. If the study of law is beginning to establis

36、h itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. On the other, it lin

37、ks these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. （分数：20.00）_正确答案：()解析：几个世纪以来，法学一直被看作是欧洲各大学的一门基础知识学科。然而，直到最近几年，它才成为加拿大大学本科专业的一个特色。按照传统的观点，在这些大学里学习法律知识一直是律师的特权，而不是一个受教育者必备知识的一部分。可喜的是，加拿大的许多大学正在确

38、立更传统、更具欧洲大陆特色的法律教育观点，有些大学甚至已经开始授予法学学士学位。 如果法学正在开始成为普通教育的重要组成部分的话，那么它的目标和方法应该会立刻吸引新闻学教育者。法律是一门鼓励进行负责任的判断的学科，一方面，它为分析像正义、民主和自由这样的概念提供机会；另一方面，如同新闻记者每天在报道和评论新闻时会与现实生活建立联系那样，法律把这些概念结合到日常生活中。 解析 (1)第一段第三句中，legal learning 不能译作“合法的学习”，应译为“法律的学习”。The special preserve of lawyers 意为“律师的特权”或“律师的专属”，此处的 preserve

39、不是其常用意“保护，保存”。Intellectual equipment 意为“知识体系，知识储备”。 (2)第一段最后一句若顺译则不符合汉语的表达习惯，应适当调整语序，译为“加拿大的许多大学正在确立的观点”。后面的 some指代 some universities。 (3)第二段第一句中，if 引导条件状语从句，由于该句结构简单，直接顺译即可。establish 本意为“创建，建立”，此处可意译为“成为”，并将宾语 itself省译。part and parcel 为常用表达，意为“重要部分”。appeal to 在此处意为“对产生吸引力”。 (4)第二段最后一句的翻译难点是 which引导

40、的定语从句，该从句中又包含省略引导词的定语从句journalists forge on.修饰 links。此类嵌套式的复杂句在翻译时可采用“拆译法”，将状语 in a manner.提至句首，译为“如同，就像”。句首的 it指代上文提到的 law，翻译时需明确。parallel to在此处意为“就像，与一样”。forge 本意为“打制，想出，锻造，伪造，形成”，这里的 forge links应译为“形成联系”。on a daily basis 意为“每天的做法”，在这里不能译作“每天的基点”或“日常基础”等。4.The point is this: without agreement on t

41、he rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Argui

42、ng from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistakea sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to ot

43、her humans. But the most elementary form of moral reasoning is to weigh others“ interests against one“s own. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. When that happens, it is not a mistake, it is mankind“s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be en

44、couraged rather than laughed at. （分数：20.00）_正确答案：()解析：问题是：如对人的权利没有一致的意见，去争论动物的权利是没有结果的。只会一开始就把讨论引向极端。它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么对它们冷漠无情。这是一种错误的选择。有人认为人与动物在各相关方面都不同，持这种极端看法的人会认为对待动物无需考虑道德问题。任何对动物的遭遇的关心都被认为是错误的，是把自己的感情放错了地方，因为这种感情应当放到其他人身上。但是道德观的最基本一条是将心比心。对大多数人来说，看到动物受罪足以引起人的同情。这种反应并不是错误，而是人用道德观念

45、进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应当得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲笑。 解析 (1)第二句中，at the outset 意为“开始，起初”。either.or.涉及的内容是人们对待动物的两种态度。with the consideration humans extend to other humans 译为“像对人类自身一样关切体谅”。with no consideration at all 译为“对它们冷漠无情”。 (2)第四句中，extremists 不可直译为“极端分子”，结合上下文，这里表示动作意义，指的是“持这种极端看法的人”。对于 animals lie outside the area o

46、f moral choice这句，理解容易出现偏差，通过理解语境，可以译为“对待动物无需考虑道德问题”。 (3)倒数第三句中，to weigh others“ interests against one“s own 可以译为“将心比心”。 (4)倒数第二句中，需要注意的是正确分析句意。for most 意为“对大多数人来说”。enough to engage sympathy可以理解为“足以引起人的同情”。 (5)最后一句中，an instinct that.后的从句是对这一“本能”的修饰，可以单独译为一句，使译文句子简短易懂。5.Many Americans find silence unc

47、omfortable during a buffet or a formal dinner. So in the States there is a widespread practice of making “small talk“ in certain social situations. Small talk deals with various topics superficially, simply for the sake of keeping a conversation going. The topics might include the weather, sports, college courses, clothing, food, etc. Small talk is especially u