职称英语卫生类C级-69及答案解析.doc

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1、职称英语卫生类 C 级-69 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第 1 部分：词汇选项(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.If I made a mistake, I will try to remedy it.（分数：1.00）A.clarifyB.diagnoseC.evaporateD.correct2.We derive information mainly from the Internet.（分数：1.00）A.depriveB.obtainC.descendD.trace3.He could not tolerate the extremes of he

2、at in the desert.（分数：1.00）A.bearB.hateC.likeD.criticize4.These factors interact intimately and cannot be separated.（分数：1.00）A.tenselyB.nearlyC.carefullyD.closely5.The boys broke into excited cheering.（分数：1.00）A.burstB.blastedC.burnedD.blazed6.China does a lot of trade with many countries.（分数：1.00）A.

3、a great deal ofB.a great many ofC.a large number ofD.a great level of7.An old friend called on me the day before yesterday.（分数：1.00）A.telephonedB.rangC.visitedD.saw8.We are going to have the TV fixed .（分数：1.00）A.preparedB.mendedC.cleanedD.arranged9.I am heartily grateful to your help.（分数：1.00）A.help

4、fulB.hatefulC.delightfulD.thankful10.The food is insufficient for three people.（分数：1.00）A.instantB.infiniteC.inexpensiveD.inadequate11.Reading the job ad, he wondered whether he was eligible to apply for it.（分数：1.00）A.competitiveB.diligentC.qualifiedD.equal12.He impressed all his colleagues as a vig

5、orous man in the prime of his career.（分数：1.00）A.hot-temperedB.healthyC.friendlyD.patient13.Not all member states abided by the principle they had agreed on previously.（分数：1.00）A.adhered toB.abandonedC.appliedD.adopted14.Thousands of people perished in the storm.（分数：1.00）A.diedB.sufferedC.floatedD.sc

6、attered15.The construction of the railway is said to have been terminated .（分数：1.00）A.resumedB.put an end toC.suspendedD.re-schedule二、第 2 部分：阅读判断(总题数：1，分数：7.00)First Self Contained Heart ImplantedA patient on the brink of death has received the world“s first self-contained artificial hearta battery

7、powered device about the size of a softball that runs without the need for wires, tubes or hoses sticking out of the chest. Two surgeons from the University of Louisville implanted the titanium and plastic pump during a seven-hour operation at Jewish Hospital Monday. The hospital said the patient wa

8、s “awake and responsive“ Tuesday and resting comfortably. It refused to release personal details. The patient had been expected to die within a month without the operation, and doctors said they expected the artificial heart to extend the person“s life by only a month. But the device is considered a

9、 major step toward improving the patient“s quality of life. The new pump, called Abio Cor, is also a technological leap from the mechanical hearts used in the 1980s, which were attached by wires and tubes to bulky machinery outside the body. The most famous of those, the Jarvic-7, used air as a pump

10、ing device and was attached to an apparatus about the size of a washing machine. “I think it“s potentially a major step forward in the artificial heart development,“ said Dr. David Faxon, president of the American Heart Association. However, he said the dream of an implantable, permanent artificial

11、heart is not yet a reality: “This is obviously an experimental device whose long-term success has to be demonstrated.“ Only about half of the 4, 200 Americans on a waiting list for donor hearts received them last year, and most of the rest died. Some doctors, including Robert Higgins, chairman of ca

12、rdiology at the Medical College of Virginia in Richmond, said artificial hearts are unlikely to replace donor hearts. “A donor heart in a good transplant can last 15 to 30 years,“ he said. “It“s going to be hard to replace that with a machine.“ The Abil Cor has a 2-pound pumping unit, and electronic

13、 controls that adjust the pumping speed based on the body“s needs. It is powered by a small battery pack worn outside the body that transmits current through the skin.（分数：7.00）(1).The pump of the first implanted self-contained heart was made of titanium and plastic.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not menti

14、oned(2).The patient“s life was expected to last several years longer by implanting the artificial heart.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(3).There is no difference in structure between the self-contained heart and the mechanical heart.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(4).The American Heart

15、 Association recommended widely using the self-contained heart.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(5).Dr. David Faxon believed that the implantable, permanent artificial heart will certainly be developed in the future.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(6).Approximately two thousand one hundre

16、d patients received heart implantation in America last year.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(7).Some doctors doubt the possibility of donor hearts being replaced by artificial ones.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned三、第 3 部分：概括大意与完成句子(总题数：1，分数：8.00)Screen Test1. Every year millions of women

17、 are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a survey Australia, Canada, the US and Spain, screen women under 50. 2. But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial,

18、partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser. 3. Researchers at the Polytechnic University of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics.

19、After estimating the women“s cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause. 4. The mathematical model recommended by Britain“s National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers pe

20、r 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers. 5. The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not very significant“ compared to the far larger number of cancers th

21、at are discovered and treated. The Valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened. 6. But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 i

22、nstead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help “optimize the technique“ for breast cancer screening. 7. “There is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks,“ admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But

23、 he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. “On the basis of the current data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. That“s why radiation exposure should be minimized in any screening programme.“（分数：8.00）(1).Paragraph

24、2 1 A. Harm Screening May Do to a Younger Woman B. Investing the Effect of Screening C. Effects Predicted by Two Different Models D. Small Risk of Inducing Cancers from Radiation E. Treatment of Cancers F. Factors That Trigger Cancers（分数：1.00）(2).Paragraph 3 1（分数：1.00）(3).Paragraph 4 1（分数：1.00）(4).P

25、aragraph 5 1（分数：1.00）(5).Early discovery of breast cancer may 1. A. be costly B. harmful C. save a life D. still open to debate E. reduce the risk of radiation triggering a cancer F. reduced to the minimum（分数：1.00）(6).Advantages of screening women under 50 are 1.（分数：1.00）(7).Delaying the age at whic

26、h screening starts may 1.（分数：1.00）(8).Radiation exposure should be 1.（分数：1.00）四、第 4 部分：阅读理解(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、第一篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A Gay BiologistMolecular biologist Dean Homer has blue eyes, light brown hair and a good sense of humor. He smokes cigarettes, spends long hours in an old laboratory at the

27、US National Institute of Health, and in his free time climbs up cliffs and points his skis down steep slopes. He also happens to be openly, matter of factly gay. What is it that makes Homer who he is? What, for that matter, accounts for the talents and traits that make up anyone“s personality? Hamer

28、 is not content merely to ask such questions; he is trying to answer them as well. A pioneer in the field of molecular psychology, Homer is exploring the role genes play in governing the very core of our individuality. To a remarkable extent, his work on what might be called the gay, thrill-seeking

29、and quit-smoking genes reflects how own genetic predispositions. That work, which has appeared mostly in scientific journals, has been gathered into an accessible and quite readable form in Homer“s creative new book, Living with Our Genes. “You have about as much choice in some aspect of your person

30、ality.“ Homer and co-author Peter Copeland write in the introductory chapter, “as you do in the shape of your nose or the size of your feet.“ Until recently, research into behavioral genetics was dominated by psychiatrists and psychologists, who based their most compelling conclusions about the impo

31、rtance of genes on studies of identical twins. For example, psychologist Michael Bailey of Northwestern University famously demonstrated that if one identical twin is gay, there is about a 50% likelihood that the other will be too. Seven years ago, Hamer picked up where the twin studies left off, ho

32、ming in on specific strips of DNA that appear to influence everything from mood to sexual orientation. Hamer switched to behavioral genetics from basic research, after receiving his doctorate from Harvard, he spent more than a decade studying the biochemistry of a protein that cells use to metaboliz

33、e heavy metals like copper and zinc. As he was about to turn 40, however, Hamer suddenly realized he had learned as much about the protein as he cared to. “Frankly, I was bored,“ he remembers, “and ready for something new.“ Homosexual behavior, in particular, seemed ripe for exploration because few

34、scientists had dared tackle such an emotionally and politically charged subject. “I“m gay,“ Hamer says with a shrug, “but that was not a major motivation. It was more of a question of intellectual curiosityand the fact that no one else was doing this sort of research.“（分数：15.00）(1).The first paragra

35、ph describes Hamer“s _.（分数：3.00）A.looks, hobbies and characterB.viewpoint on homosexualityC.unique life-styleD.scientific research work(2).Hamer was a _.（分数：3.00）A.psychiatristB.physiologistC.chemistD.biologist(3).What is Hamer doing now?（分数：3.00）A.He is exploring the role of genes in deciding one“s

36、 intelligence.B.He is exploring the role of genes in deciding one“s personality.C.He is writing a book entitled “Live with Our Genes.“D.He is trying to answer some questions on a test paper.(4).What happened to Hamer“s research interest?（分数：3.00）A.He turned to basic research.B.He sticked to basic re

37、search.C.He turned to behavioral genetics.D.He sticked to behavioral genetics.(5).According to Hamer, what was one of the main reasons for him to choose homosexual behavior as his research subject?（分数：3.00）A.He is a gay and he wants to cure himself.B.He was curious about it as a scientist.C.He was c

38、urious about it like everyone else.D.It is a subject that can lead to political success.六、第二篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)DNA FingerprintingDNA is the genetic material found within the cell nuclei of all living things. In mammals the strands of DNA are grouped into structures called chromosomes. With the excepti

39、on of identical siblings (as in identical twins), the complete DNA of each individual is unique. DNA fingerprinting is sometimes called DNA typing. It is a method of identification that compares bits of DNA. A DNA fingerprint is constructed by first drawing out a DNA sample from body tissue or fluid

40、 such as hair, blood, or saliva. The sample is then segmented using enzymes, and the segments are arranged by size. The segments are marked with probes and exposed on X-ray film, where they form a pattern of black barsthe DNA fingerprint. If the DNA fingerprints produced from two different samples m

41、atch, the two samples probably came from the same person. DNA fingerprinting was first developed as all identification technique in 1985. Originally used to detect the presence of genetic diseases, it soon came to be used in criminal investigations and legal affairs. The first criminal conviction ba

42、sed on DNA evidence in the United States occurred in 1988. In criminal investigations, DNA fingerprints derived from evidence collected at the crime scene are compared to the DNA fingerprints of suspects. Generally, courts have accepted the reliability of DNA testing and admitted DNA test results in

43、to evidence. However, DNA fingerprinting is controversial in a number of areas: the accuracy of the results, the cost of testing, and the possible misuse of the technique. The accuracy of DNA fingerprinting has been challenged for several reasons. First, because DNA segments rather than complete DNA

44、 strands are “fingerprinted“: a DNA fingerprint may not be unique; large-scale research to confirm the uniqueness of DNA fingerprinting test results has not been conducted. In addition, DNA fingerprinting is often done in private laboratories that may not follow uniform testing standards and quality

45、 controls. Also, since human beings must interpret the test, human error could lead to false results. DNA fingerprinting is expensive. Suspects who are unable to provide their own DNA to experts may not be able to successfully defend themselves against charges based on DNA evidence. Widespread use o

46、f DNA testing for identification purposes may lead to the establishment of a DNA fingerprint database.（分数：15.00）(1).According to the essay, we can find chromosomes _.（分数：3.00）A.in a fishB.in a treeC.in a sheepD.in a rock(2).DNA fingerprinting is more often used for _.（分数：3.00）A.obtaining samples of

47、chromosomesB.providing evidence in court investigationsC.proving the horse to be a mammalD.printing books about biology(3).When your brother looks exactly like you, your complete DNA may be _.（分数：3.00）A.exactly like hisB.totally different from hisC.uniqueD.lost(4).Some people believe that using a DN

48、A fingerprint may not be so reliable because _.（分数：3.00）A.the accuracy of DNA fingerprinting has been challengedB.no private laboratory follows uniform testing standards or quality controlsC.mistakes are possible when researchers explain the results of their testsD.suspects may not have enough money

49、 to provide their own DNA to law-courts(5).This essay talks about DNA fingerprinting concerning the following aspects EXCEPT _.（分数：3.00）A.legal application of the methodB.the way to obtain a DNA sampleC.work yet to be done about DNA fingerprintingD.possible danger in drawing a DNA sample from the human body七、第三篇(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Mysterious Nazca DrawingsOne of the most mysterious archaeological spectacles in the world is the immense complex of geometrical symbols, giant ground-drawings of birds and animals, and hundreds of long, ruler-straight lines, some ri