职称英语理工类B级真题2013年及答案解析.doc

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1、职称英语理工类 B 级真题 2013 年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：120 分钟)一、第 1 部分：词汇选项（第 1-15 题，每题 1(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.There was something （peculiar） in the way he smiles. （分数：1.00）A.differentB.wrongC.strangeD.funny2.I have little information （as regards） her fitness for the post. （分数：1.00）A.atB.withC.aboutD.from3.She came

2、across three children sleeping under a bridge. （分数：1.00）A.found by chanceB.passed byC.took a notice ofD.woke up4.The rules are too （rigid） to allow for humane error. （分数：1.00）A.generalB.complexC.directD.inflexible5.It seems （incredible） that he had been there a week already. （分数：1.00）A.unbelievableB

3、.rightC.obviousD.unclear6.She gets （aggressive） when she is drunk. （分数：1.00）A.worriedB.sleepyC.anxiousD.offensive7.Rumors began to （circulate） about his financial problems. （分数：1.00）A.sendB.hearC.spreadD.confirm8.As a politician, he knows how to （manipulate） public opinion. （分数：1.00）A.expressB.influ

4、enceC.divideD.voice9.These animals （migrate） south annually in search of food. （分数：1.00）A.exploreB.travelC.inhabitD.prefer10.He was （tempted） by the high salary offered by the company. （分数：1.00）A.taughtB.keptC.changedD.attracted11.The police will need to keep a （wary） eye on this area of town. （分数：1

5、.00）A.cautiousB.nakedC.blindD.private12.Make sure the table is securely （anchored）. （分数：1.00）A.repairedB.clearedC.bookedD.fixed13.Come out, or Ill （bust） the door down. （分数：1.00）A.shutB.breakC.setD.beat14.The contract between the two companies will （expire） soon.（分数：1.00）A.shortenB.startC.endD.resum

6、e15.He paused, waiting for her to （digest） the information. （分数：1.00）A.understandB.withholdC.exchangeD.contact二、第 2 部分：阅读判断（第 16-22 题，每题(总题数：1，分数：7.00)Wide World of Robots Engineers who build and program robots have fascinating jobs. These researchers tinker (修补) with machines in the lab and write c

7、omputer software to control these devices. “Theyre the best toys out there,“ says Howie Choset at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. Choset is a robotics, a person who designs, builds or programs robots. When Choset was a kid, he was interested in anything that moved cars, trains, animals. He

8、 put motors on Tinker toy cars to make them move. Later, in high school, he built mobile robots similar to small cars. Hoping to continue working on robots, he studied computer science in college. But when he got to graduate school at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, Chosets labma

9、tes were working on something even cooler than remotely controlled cars: robotic snakes. Some robots can move only forward, backward, left and right. But snakes can twist (扭曲) in many directions and travel over a lot of different types of terrain (地形). “Snakes are far more interesting than the cars,

10、“ Choset concluded. After he started working at Carnegie Mellon, Choset and his colleagues there began developing their own snake robots. Chosets team programmed robots to perform the same movements as real snakes, such as sliding and inching forward. The robots also moved in ways that snakes usuall

11、y dont, such as rolling. Chosets snake robots could crawl (爬行) through the grass, swim in a pond and even climb a flagpole. But Choset wondered if his snakes might be useful for medicine as well. For some heart surgeries, the doctor has to open a patients chest, cutting through the breastbone. Recov

12、ering from these surgeries can be very painful. What if the doctor could perform the operation by instead making a small hole in the body and sending in a thin robotic snake? Choset teamed up with Marco Zenati, a heart surgeon now at Harvard Medical School, to investigate the idea. Zenati practiced

13、using the robot on a plastic model of the chest and then tested the robot in pigs. A company called Medrobotics in Boston is now adapting the technology for surgeries on people. Even after 15 years of working with his teams creations, “I still dont get bored of watching the motion of my robots,“ Cho

14、set says.（分数：7.00）(1).Choset began to build robots in high school.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(2).Snake robots could move in only four directions.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(3).Choset didnt begin developing his own snake robots until he started working at Carnegie Mellon.（分数：1.0

15、0）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(4).Chosets snake robots could make more movements than the ones others developed.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(5).The application of a thin robotic snake makes heart surgeries less time-consuming.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(6).Zenati tested the rob

16、ot on people after using it in pigs.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(7).The robotic technology for surgeries on people has brought a handsome profit to Medrobotics.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned三、第 3 部分：概括大意与完成句子（第 23-3(总题数：1，分数：8.00)Black Holes 1. Black holes can be best described as

17、a sort of vacuum, sucking up everything in space. Scientists have discovered that black holes come from an explosion of huge stars. Stars that are near death can no longer burn due to loss of fuel, and because its temperature can no longer control the gravitational (重力的) force, hydrogen ends up putt

18、ing pressure onto the stars surface until it suddenly explodes then collapses. 2. Black holes come from stars that are made of hydrogen, other gases and a few metals. When these explode it can turn into a stellar-mass (恒星质量) black hole, which can only occur if the star is large enough (should be big

19、ger than the sun) for the explosion to break it into pieces, and the gravity starts to compact every piece into the tiniest particle. Try to see and compare: if a star thats ten times the size of the sun ends up being a black hole thats no longer than 70 kilometers, then the Earth would become a bla

20、ck hole thats only a fraction of an inch! 3. Objects that get sucked in a black hole will always remain there, never to break free. But remember that black holes can only gobble up (吞噬) objects within a specific distance to it. Its possible for a large star near the sun to become a black hole, but t

21、he sun will continue to stay in place. Orbits do not change because the newly formed black hole contains exactly the same amount of mass as when it was a star, only this time its mass is totally contracted that it can end up as no bigger than a state. 4. So far, astronomers have figured out that bla

22、ck holes exist because of Albert Einsteins theory of relativity. In the end, through numerous studies, they have discovered that black holes truly exist. Since black holes trap light and do not give off light, it is nearly impossible to detect black holes via a telescope. But astronomers continue to

23、 study galaxies, space and the solar system to understand how black holes might evolve. It is possible that black holes can exist for millions of years, and later contribute to a bigger process in galaxies, which can eventually lead to creation of new entities. Scientists also credit black holes as

24、helpful in learning how galaxies began to form.（分数：8.00）(1).A. Is there proof that black holes really exist? B. What are different types of black holes? C. How are black holes formed? D. How were black holes named? E. What happens to the objects around a black hole? F. What are black holes made of?

25、Paragraph 1：（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(2).Paragraph 2：（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(3).Paragraph 3：（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(4).Paragraph 4：（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(5).A. the creation of new entities B. an explosion of huge stars C. the tiniest particle D. the same amount of mass E. the existence of black holes F. a fr

26、action of an inch Black holes are formed after _ .（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(6).When a large star explodes, the gravity compacts every piece into _ .（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(7).A newly formed black hole and the star it comes from are of _ .（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(8).Albert Einsteins theory of relativity helps

27、 to prove _ .（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.四、第 4 部分：阅读理解（第 31-45 题，每题(总题数：3，分数：45.00)第一篇 Energy and Public Lands The United States boasts substantial energy resources. Federal lands provide a good deal of U.S. energy production; the U.S. Department of the Interior manages federal energy leasing, both on land

28、 and on the offshore Outer Continental Shelf. Production from these sources amounts to nearly 30 percent of total annual U.S. energy production. In 2000, 32 percent of U.S. oil, 35 percent of natural gas, and 37 percent of coal were produced from federal lands, representing 20,000 producing oil and

29、gas leases and 135 producing coal leases. Federal lands are also estimated to contain approximately 68 percent of all undiscovered U.S. oil reserves and 74 percent of undiscovered natural gas. Revenues from federal oil, gas, and coal leasing provide significant returns to U.S. taxpayers as well as S

30、tate governments. In 1999, for example, $553 million in oil and gas revenues were paid to the U.S. Treasury, and non-Indian coal leases accounted for over $304 million in revenues, of which 50 percent were paid to State governments. Public lands also play a critical role in energy delivery. Each yea

31、r, federal land managers authorize rights of way for transmission lines, rail systems, pipelines, and other facilities related to energy production and use. Alternative energy production from federal lands lags behind conventional energy production, though the amount is still significant. For exampl

32、e, federal geothermal resources produce about 7.5 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity per year, 47 percent of all electricity generated from U.S. geothermal energy. There are 2,960 wind turbines on public lands in California alone, producing electricity for about 300,000 people. Federal hydropower

33、 facilities produce about 17 percent of all hydropower produced in the United States. Because of the growing U.S. thirst for energy and increasing public unease with dependence on foreign oil sources, pressure on the public lands to meet U.S. energy demands is intensifying. Public lands are availabl

34、e for energy development only after they have been evaluated through the land use planning process. If development of energy resources conflicts with management or use of other resources, development restrictions or impact mitigation measures may be imposed, or mineral production may be banned altog

35、ether.（分数：15.00）(1).What is the main idea of this passage? （分数：3.00）A.Public lands are one of the main sources of revenues.B.Public lands play an important role in energy production.C.Public lands should be developed to ease energy shortage.D.Public lands store huge energy resources for further deve

36、lopment.(2).Which of the following statements is true of public lands in the U.S.? （分数：3.00）A.The majority of undiscovered natural gas is stored there.B.Half of U.S. energy is produced there.C.Most of coal was produced from there in 2000.D.Most energy resources are reserved there.(3).Geothermal reso

37、urces, wind turbines, and hydropower facilities in Paragraph 4 are cited as examples to illustrate that （分数：3.00）A.the amount of alternative energy production from public lands is huge.B.alternative energy production is no less than conventional energy production.C.they are the most typical conventi

38、onal energy resources from public lands.D.geothermal resources are more important than the other two.(4).There is a mounting pressure on public lands to satisfy US energy demands because （分数：3.00）A.the US is demanding more and more energy.B.many Americans are unhappy with energy development in forei

39、gn countries.C.quite a few public lands are banned for energy development.D.many Americans think public lands are being abused.(5).Public lands can be used for energy development when （分数：3.00）A.energy development restrictions are effective.B.federal land managers grant permissions.C.they go through

40、 the land use planning process.D.there is enough federal budget.第二篇 Putting Plants to Work Using the power of the sun is nothing new. People have had solar-powered calculators and buildings with solar panels for decades. But plants are the real experts: Theyve been using sunlight as an energy source

41、 for billions of years. Cells in the green leaves of plants work like tiny factories to convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into sugars and starches, stored energy that the plants can use. This conversion process is called photosynthesis. Unfortunately, unless youre a plant, its difficult an

42、d expensive to convert sunlight into storable energy. Thats why scientists are taking a closer look at exactly how plants do it. Some scientists are trying to get plants, or biological cells that act like plants, to work as miniature photosynthetic power stations. For example, Maria Ghirardi of the

43、National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colo., is working with green algae. Shes trying to trick them into producing hydrogen instead of sugars when they perform photosynthesis. Once the researchers can get the algae working efficiently, the hydrogen that they produce could be used to power

44、fuel cells in cars or to generate electricity. The algae are grown in narrow-necked glass bottles to produce hydrogen in the lab. During photosynthesis, plants normally make sugars or starches. “But under certain conditions, a lot of algae are able to use the sunlight energy not to store starch, but

45、 to make hydrogen.“ Ghirardi says. For example, algae will produce hydrogen in an airfree environment. Its the oxygen in the air that prevents algae from making hydrogen most of the time. Working in an airfree environment, however, is difficult. Its not a practical way to produce cheap energy. But G

46、hirardi and her colleagues have discovered that by removing a chemical called sulfate from the environment that the algae grow in, they will make hydrogen instead of sugars, even when air is present. Unfortunately, removing the sulfate also makes the algaes cells work very slowly, and not much hydro

47、gen is produced. Still, the researchers see this as a first step in their goal to produce hydrogen efficiently from algae. With more work, they may be able to speed the cells activity and produce larger quantities of hydrogen. The researchers hope that algae will one day be an easy-to-use fuel sourc

48、e. The organisms are cheap to get and to feed, Ghirardi says, and they can grow almost anywhere: “You can grow them in a reactor, in a pond. You can grow them in the ocean. Theres a lot of flexibility in how you can use these organisms.“（分数：15.00）(1).How do plants relate to solar energy? （分数：3.00）A.

49、They are the real experts in producing it.B.They have been a source of it.C.They have been used to produce it.D.They have been using it for billions of years.(2).Scientists study how photosynthesis works because they want to （分数：3.00）A.improve the efficiency of it.B.turn plant sugars to a new form of energy.C.make green plants a new source of energy.D.get more sugars and starches from plants.(3).Algae are able to use solar energy to produce hydrogen when （分数：3.00）A.they are grown in narrow-necked bottles.B.there is enough oxygen in the air.C.enough star