职称英语卫生类A、B、C级综合试卷-51及答案解析.doc

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1、职称英语卫生类 A、B、C 级综合试卷-51 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第 3 部分：概括大意与完成句子(总题数：5，分数：100.00)Pregnant Women Warned About ACE InhibitorSome of the most commonly used medicines for high blood pressure are drugs called ACE inhibitors. Doctors have given these drugs to patients for twenty-five years. A governme

2、nt study in the United States found that the use almost doubled between 1995 and 2000.Doctors have known for years that women should not take ACE inhibitors during the last six months of pregnancy. The medicine can injure the baby. ACE inhibitors, though, have been considered safe when taken during

3、the first three months. But a new study has found that women who take these drugs early in their pregnancy still increase the risk of birth disorders. The study shows that, compared to others, their babies were almost three times as likely to be born with major problems. These included problems with

4、 the formation of the brain and nervous system and holes in the heart.The researchers say they found no increased risk in women who took other blood pressure medicines during the first three months. Researchers at Vanderbilt University in Tennessee and Boston University did the study. The New Englan

5、d Journal of Medicine published the results. The researchers studied the records of almost thirty thousand births between 1985 and 2000. Two hundred nine babies were born to women who took ACE inhibitors during the first three months of their pregnancies. Eighteen of the babies, or almost nine perce

6、nt, had major disorders.ACE inhibitors are often given to patients with diabetes. But diabetes during pregnancy can result in birth defects. So the study did not include any women known to be diabetic. ACE inhibitors suppress a protein called angiotensin-converting enzyme, or ACE. This enzyme produc

7、es a chemical in the body that makes blood passages narrow. The drugs increase the flow of blood so pressure is reduced.New drugs are tested on pregnant animals to see if they might cause birth defects in humans. But experts say these tests are not always dependable. The United States Food and Drug

8、Administration helped pay for the study. The F. D. A. says women who might become pregnant should talk with their doctor about other ways to treat high blood pressure.（分数：20.00）(1).A. Effects of ACE and ACE InhibitorsB. Wide Use of ACE InhibitorsC. How to Deal with High Blood Pressure in Pregnant Wo

9、menD. Damage to Pregnant Womens Future BabiesE. Suggestions on Stopping the Use of ACE InhibitorsF. Relative Safety for Women During the First Three Months of PregnanciesParagraph 2 _（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(2).Paragraph 3 _（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(3).Paragraph 4 _（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(4).Paragraph 5 _（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(5

10、).A. that may cause our blood vessels to become more and more narrowB. for pregnant women to take during their last six months of pregnanciesC. that their likelihood to suffer major problems is two times higher than other babiesD. with their doctors about how to treat their problemsE. because diabet

11、es during pregnancy may sometimes lead to birth defectsF. though their mothers took ACE inhibitors during their first three months of pregnanciesFDA suggests that pregnant women with high blood pressure should consult _.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(6).ACE inhibitors are not recommended _.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(7).Evi

12、dence showed only a small percentage of babies suffered major disorders _.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(8).ACE is a risk factor to our body _.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_Screen Test1. Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often

13、be treated successfully. According to a survey published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes. Nine of them, including Australia, Canada, the US and Spain, screen women under 50.2. But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial, partly because the radiation

14、brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser.3. Researchers at the Polytechnic University of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the womens cu

15、mulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause.4. The mathematical model recommended by Britains National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal

16、. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers.5. The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not very significant“ compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. The

17、 Valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened.6. But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be

18、 exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help “optimise the technique“ for breast cancer screening.7. “There is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks,“ admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be i

19、nterpreted with caution. “On the basis of the current data, for every 1.0 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. Thats why radiation exposure should be minimised in any screening programme. /（分数：20.00）(1).A. Harm Screening May Do to a Younger WomanB

20、. Investigating the Effect of ScreeningC. Effects Predicted by Two Different ModelsD. Small Risk of Inducing Cancers from RadiationE. Treatment of CancersF. Factors That Trigger CancersParagraph 2 _（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(2).Paragraph 3 _（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(3).Paragraph 4 _（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(4).Paragraph 5 _（分数

21、：2.50）填空项 1:_(5).A. be costlyB. harmfulC. save a lifeD. still open to debateE. reduce the risk of radiation triggering a cancerF. reduced to the minimumEarly discovery of breast cancer may _（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(6).Advantages of screening women under 50 are _.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(7).Delaying the age at which

22、 screening starts may _.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(8).Radiation exposure should be _.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_Lung Cancer1. The death rate due to cancer of the lungs has increased more than 800 percent in males and has more than doubled in females during the last 25 years. It is considerably higher in urban and indust

23、rial areas than in rural districts. There are many possible causes, but it is still controversial which are most blameworthy. Those factors which have been mentioned most frequently are the presence of foreign particles and other irritants in the air (smoke particles, smog, exhaust fumes), and the s

24、moking of cigarettes and cigars.2. Numerous studies have demonstrated a striking correlation between the death rate from lung cancer and smoking habits. Among heavy smokers 21 to 30 cigarettes per day the mortality rate from lung cancer is nearly 17 times the rate from nonsmokers. It is expected the

25、 death rate among women will increase as the present high rate of smoking among women has its effect.3. Sometimes cases of lung cancer are discovered at the time an X-ray is taken for the purpose of detecting tuberculosis. Too often, however, a current emphasis upon the danger of exposure to radiati

26、on from X-ray machines can frighten people away from routine chest X-rays and thus prevent an early diagnosis of lung cancer. Early detection is absolutely essential if any possibility of cure is to be maintained. Modern X-ray machines in competent hands pose such slight danger, at least to those ov

27、er 40 years of age, that this would be much more than offset by the advantages of discovering a tumor while it is small enough to be completely removed.4. A common form of lung cancer is bronchogenic carcinoma, so-called because the malignancy originates in a bronchus. The tumor may grow until the b

28、ronchus is blocked, cutting off the supply of air to that lung. The lung then collapses, and the secretions trapped in the lung spaces become infected, with a resulting pneumonia or the formation of a lung abscess. Such a lung cancer can also spread to cause secondary growths in the lymph nodes of t

29、he chest and neck as well as in the brain and other parts of the body. The only treatment that offers a possibility of cure, before secondary growths have had time to form, is to remove the lung completely. This operation is called pneumonectomy.5. Malignant tumors of the stomach, the breast, the pr

30、ostate gland and other organs may spread to the lungs, causing secondary growths.（分数：20.00）(1).A. Common Secondary Lung CancersB. The Advantages Brought about by Routine Chest CheckupC. Relationship Between Mortality Rate from Lung Cancer and Smoking HabitsD. Operable and Inoperable Lung CancersE. T

31、he Increasing Death Rate from Lung Cancer and Possible CausesF. An Ordinary Type of Lung CancerParagraph 1 _（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(2).Paragraph 2 _（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(3).Paragraph 3 _（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(4).Paragraph 4 _（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(5).A. before the cancer cells spread elsewhereB. the more chances of dying o

32、f X-ray radiation he will haveC. what is most responsible for lung cancerD. as some people imagineE. the more chances of getting lung cancer he will haveF. which form of lung cancer is a common oneRoutine X-ray chest examination is not so dangerous _.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(6).A primary lung cancer patient

33、 may be cured by removing the lung completely _.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(7).People are still not sure _.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(8).The more cigarettes one smokes, _.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_Aspirin a New Miracle Drug1. Using aspirin, an over-the-counter pill on sale in every supermarket without a prescription, to treat ser

34、ious circulatory disease may seem almost like quackery. But today doctors recognize this drug as a potent compound as important as antibiotics, digitalis and other miracle drugs.2. In its natural form as willow bark and leaves, this remarkable remedy dates back to Hippocrates. In 1829 the chemical i

35、n the willow tree that can relieve pain and reduce fever was discovered to be salicin. By 1899 the Bayer Company in Germany had marketed a variant, acetylsalicylic acid, under the name of aspirin.3. Since then, aspirin and compounds containing aspirin have been taken by tens of millions of arthritis

36、 patients. As a pain killer aspirin is, according to one study, more effective than all other analgesics and narcotics available for oral use. It also acts on the bodys thermostat, turning down fever.4. But some of its powers remained unsuspected until recently. In 1950 the late Dr. Craven wrote to

37、a small western medical journal about 400 overweight, sedentary male patients to whom he had given one or two aspirin tablets a day. None had had a heart attack. He enlarged his group to 8,000 and in 1956 reported: “Not a single case of detectable coronary or cerebral thrombosis“ and “no major strok

38、e“ had occurred in patients who had taken one or two tablets daily for from one to ten years. But his observations were largely ignored.5. Then Dr. Vane proved that aspirin turned off the bodys prostaglandins hormonelike chemicals that can be secreted by every cell. Some potent prostaglandins are ha

39、rmful compounds that create fever, pain and arthritis. One of them stimulates platelets in the blood to begin forming clots inside arteries. Aspirin blocks this dangerous effect.6. Vanes finding caused some researchers to recall Cravens 1956 observations, which now had a possible scientific explanat

40、ion. Numerous studies were begun to find out whether aspirin could indeed inhibit heart attacks and stroke.7. In 1972, ten US medical institutions began two “double-blind“ trials of 303 patients who suffered from transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). Four aspirin tablets a day were given to 153 patient

41、s, while placebo tablets were given to 150. Neither patients nor doctors knew which was which. After six months, the patients on aspirin had experienced much fewer TIAs, and fewer strokes and deaths from strokes than the “controls“. The results were so conclusive that aspirin has been used for this

42、purpose widely.（分数：20.00）(1).A. Confirmation of the New EffectB. Pain-relieving and Fever-reducing Effects of AspirinC. The Ignored Significant ObservationsD. The Origin of AspirinE. An Explanation of Cravens ObservationsF. Further Findings of Dr. VaneParagraph 2 _（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(2).Paragraph 3 _（分

43、数：2.50）填空项 1:_(3).Paragraph 5 _（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(4).Paragraph 7 _（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(5).A. that aspirin has a positive effect on heart attacks and strokesB. two “double-blind“ trials of patients with heart diseaseC. that first produced aspirin for saleD. the unsuspected effect on pain and feverE. import

44、ant observations on the effects of aspirinF. that may cause clots to be formed in the arteriesIn the middle of the last century Craven made _.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(6).It is Bayer Company _.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(7).There is a prostaglandin _.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_(8).Numerous studies concluded _.（分数：2.50）填空项 1:_The

45、Safeness of IUDs for HIV-positive Women1. Women infected with the most common form of HIV may safely use the intrauterine device (IUD) for contraception, provided they see a doctor regularly, new study findings suggest.2. World Health Organization guidelines currently state that, in general, HIV-inf

46、ected women should avoid IUDs. “Those guidelines were essentially made on theoretical concerns, and there are really very little data on what contraceptive is appropriate for HIV-infected women, “ said the lead author Dr. Charles S. Morrison in North Carolina.3. Morrison and colleagues gathered info

47、rmation on IUD-related complications at 1,4 and 24 months after placement of the device in 636 women living in Nairobi, Kenya. Of these women, 156 had HIV infection. Participating physicians did not know the patients HIV status. There was “little difference in any side effects in HIV-infected women compared with HIV-uninfected women, suggesting that the IUD is likely an appropriate method for HIV-infected women, “ Morrison said. “This is an important issue, because there are