托福-8 (1)及答案解析.doc
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1、托福-8 (1)及答案解析(总分:135.50,做题时间:90 分钟)一、READING(总题数:0,分数:0.00)二、Set 1(总题数:2,分数:6.00)Airline AlliancesCooperative competition. Competitive cooperation. Confused? Airline alliances have travelers scratching their heads over whats going on in the skies. Some folks view alliances as a blessing to travelers
2、, offering seamless travel, reduced fares and enhanced frequent-flyer benefits. Others see a conspiracy of big businesses, causing decreased competition, increased fares and fewer choices. Whatever your opinion is, there are no escaping airline alliances: the marketing hype is unrelenting, with each
3、 of the two mega-groupings. Oneworld and Star Alliance promote themselves as the best choice for all travelers. And, even if you turn away from their ads, chances are they will figure in any of your travel plans.But why, after years of often ferocious competition, have airlines decided to band toget
4、her? Lets just say the timing is mutually convenient. North American Airlines, having exhausted all means of earning customer loyalty at home, have been looking for ways to reach out to foreign flyers. Asian carriers are still hurting from the regionthe wide economic downturn that began two years ag
5、o just when some of the airlines were taking delivery of new aircraft. Alliances also allow carriers to cut costs and increase profits by pooling manpower resources on the ground (rather than each airline maintaining its own ground crew) and code-sharingthe practice of two partners selling tickets a
6、nd operating only one aircraft.So alliances are terrific for airlinesbut are they good for the passenger? Absolutely, say the airlines: think of the lounges, the joint FFP (frequent flyer programme) benefits, the round-the-world fares, and the global service networks. Then there is the promise of “s
7、eamless“ travel: the ability to, say, travel from Singapore to Rome to New York to Rio de Janeiro, all on one ticket, without having to wait hours for connections or worry about your bags. Sounds Utopian? Peter Buecking, Cathay Pacifics Director of Sales and Marketing, thinks that seamless travel is
8、 still evolving. “The key to seamlessness rests in infrastructure and information sharing. We are working on this.“ Henry Ma, spokesperson for Star Alliance in Hong Kong, lists some of the other benefits for customers: “Global travelers have an easier time making connections and planning their itine
9、raries.“ Ma claims alliances also assure passengers consistent service standards.Critics of alliances say the much touted benefits to the customer are mostly pie in the sky, that alliances are all about reducing costs for the airlines, rationalizing services and running joint marketing programmes. C
10、onsumer Reports Senior Editor Jeff Blyskal says the promotional ballyhoo over alliances is much ado about nothing. “I dont see much of a gain for consumers: alliances are just a marketing gimmick. Most airlines can not even get their own connections under control, let alone coordinate with another a
11、irline. “Blyskal believes alliances will ultimately result in decreased flight choices and increased costs for consumers. Instead of two airlines competing and each operating a flight on the same route at 70% capacity, the allied pair will share the route and run one full flight. Since fewer seats w
12、ill be available, passengers will be obliged to pay more for tickets.The truth about alliances and their merits probably lies somewhere between the travel Utopia presented by the players, and the evil empires portrayed by their critics. And how much they affect you depends on what kind of traveler y
13、ou are.Those whove already made the elite grade in the FFP of a major airline stand to benefit the most when it joints an alliance: then they enjoy the FFP perks and advantages on any and all of the member carriers. For example, if you are a Marco Polo Club “gold“ member of Cathay Pacifics Asia Mile
14、s FFP, you will automatically be treated as a valuable customer by all members of Oneworld, of which Cathay Pacific is a member.For those who havent made the top grade in any FFP, alliances might be a way of simplifying the earning of frequent flyer miles. For example, I belong to United Airlines Mi
15、leage Plus and generally fly less than 25000 miles a year. But I earn miles with every flight I take on Star Alliance memberAll Nippon Airways and Thai Airways. (A) if you fly less than I do, you might be smarter to stay out of the FFP game altogether. (B) The only real benefit infrequent flyers can
16、 draw from an alliance is an inexpensive round-the-world fare. (C) The bottom lines for all the marketing hype, alliances arent all things to all peoplebut everybody can get some benefit out of them. (D) (分数:5.50)(1).According to the passage, which is the best word to describe air travelers reaction
17、 to airline alliances?(分数:0.50)A.Delighted.B.Indifferent.C.Objective.D.Varie(2).The word unrelenting in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _.(分数:0.50)A.continuousB.unrepeatableC.mercilessD.spiteful(3).According to the passage, setting up airline alliances will chiefly benefit _.(分数:0.50)A.North Am
18、erican airlines and their domestic travelersB.North American airlines and their foreign counterpartsC.Asian airlines and their foreign travelersD.Asian airlines and their domestic travelers(4).The word touted in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to _.(分数:0.50)A.praisedB.peddledC.criticizedD.exaggera
19、ted(5).Which of the following is NOT a perceived advantage of alliances?(分数:0.50)A.Baggage allowance.B.Passenger comfort.C.Convenience.D.Quality.(6).The word gimmick in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to _.(分数:0.50)A.trickB.strategyC.conspiracyD.plot(7).According to the passage, with reference to
20、the disadvantage of alliances inferred by the critics, what is the possible cause of expensive air travel?(分数:0.50)A.Less convenience.B.Ligher operation costs.C.Less competition.D.More joint marketin(8).The word elite in Paragraph 7 is closest in meaning to _.(分数:0.50)A.cleverB.richC.stubbornD.power
21、ful(9).The word it in the first sentence of Paragraph 7 refers to _.(分数:0.50)A.a major airlineB.the elite gradeC.the FFPD.the FFP of a major airline(10).According to the passage, which of the following categories of travellers will gain most from airline alliances?(分数:0.50)A.Travelers who fly econom
22、y class frequently.B.Travelers who fly business class frequently.C.Travelers who fly occasionally during holidays.D.Travelers who fly economy class once in a whil(11).Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Hunt for bargains when booking flig
23、hts and you might be able to save enough to take that extra trip anyway.Where would the sentence best fit?(分数:0.50)A.Square .B.Square .C.Square .D.Square .1.Directions: Complete the table by matching the phrases below. Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the type
24、 of organism to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will not be used. This question is worth 4 points./r/n /r/n Advantages/r/n /r/n Disadvantages/r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n /r/n Answer Choices A. Airline alliances could increase their
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