托福-3及答案解析.doc

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1、托福-3 及答案解析(总分：118.98，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BREADING/B(总题数：5，分数：29.00)BReading Section Directions/BIn this section you will read five passages and answer reading comprehension questions about each passage. Most questions are worth one point, but the last question in each set is worth more than one point. The

2、directions indicate how many points you may receive.You will have 60 minutes to read all of the passages and answer the questions. Some passages include a word or phrase that is underlined in blue. Click on the word or phrase to see a definition or an explanation.When you want to move on to the next

3、 question, click on BNext/B. You can skip questions and go back to them later as long as there is time remaining. If you want to return to previous questions, click on BBack/B. You can click on BReview/B at any time and the review screen will show you which question you have answered and which you h

4、ave not. From this review screen, you may go directly to any question you have already seen in the reading section.When you are ready to continue, click on the BContinue/B icon.BSet 1/BBNew-Age Transport/BIt looks as if it came straight from the set of Star Wars. It has four-wheel drive and rises ab

5、ove rocky surfaces. It lowers and raises its nose when going up and down hills. And when it comes to a river, it turns amphibious: two hydrojets power it along by blasting water under its body. There is room for two passengers and a driver, who sit inside a glass bubble operating electronic, aircraf

6、t-type controls. A vehicle so daring on land and water needs windscreen wipers but it doesnt have any. Water molecules are disintegrated on the screens surface by ultrasonic sensors.This unusual vehicle is the Racoon. It is an invention not of Hollywood but of Renault, a rather conservative French s

7、tate-owned carmaker, better known for its family hatchbacks. Renault built the Racoon to explore new freedoms for designers and engineers created by advances in materials and manufacturing processes. Renault is thinking about startlingly different cars; other producers have radical new ideas for tra

8、ins, boats and aeroplanes.The first of the new freedoms is in design. Powerful computer-aided design (CAD) systems can replace with a click of a computer mouse hours of laborious work done on thousands of drawing boards. So new products, no matter how complicated, can be developed much faster. For t

9、he first time, Boeing will not have to build a giant replica of its new airliner, the 777, to make sure all the bits fit together. Its CAD system will take care of that.But Renault is taking CAD further. It claims the Racoon is the worlds first vehicle to be designed within the digitised world of vi

10、rtual reality. Complex programs were used to simulate the vehicle and the terrain that it was expected to cross. This allowed a team led by Patrick Le Quement, Renaults industrial-design director, to “drive“ it long before a prototype existed.Renault is not alone in thinking that virtual reality wil

11、l transform automotive design. In Detroit, Ford is also investigating its potential. Jack Telnac, the firms head of design, would like designers in different parts of the world to work more closely together, linked by computers. They would do more than style cars. Virtual reality will allow engineer

12、s to peer inside the working part of a vehicle. Designers will watch bearings move, oil flow, gears mesh and hydraulics pump. As these techniques catch on, even stranger vehicles are likely to come along.Transforming these creations from virtual reality to actual reality will also become easier, esp

13、ecially with advances in materials. Firms that once bashed everything out of steel now find that new alloys or composite materials (which can be made from mixtures of plastic, resin, ceramics and metals, reinforced with fibres such as glass or carbon) are changing the rules of manufacturing. At the

14、same time, old materials keep getting better, as their producers try to secure their place in the factory of the future. This competition is increasing the pace of development of all materials.One company in this field is Scaled Composites. It was started in 1982 by Burt Rutan, an aviator who has de

15、vised many unusual aircraft. It has also worked on composite sails for the Americas Cup yacht race and on General Motors Ultralite, a 100-milesper-gallon experimental family car built from carbon fibre.Again, the Racoon reflects this race between the old and the new. It uses conventional steel and w

16、hat Renault describes as a new “high-limit elastic steel“ in its chassis. This steel is 30% lighter than the usual kind. The Racoon also has parts made from composites. Renault plans to replace the petrol engine with a small gas turbine, which could be made from heat-resisting ceramics, and use it t

17、o run a generator that would provide power for electric motors at each wheel.With composites it is possible to build many different parts into a single component. Fiat, Italys biggest car maker, has worked out that it could reduce the number of components needed in one of its car bodies from 150 to

18、16 by using a composite shell rather than one made of steel. Aircraft and cars may increasingly be assembled as if they were plastic kits.Advances in engine technology also make cars lighter. The Ultralite, which Scaled Composites helped to design for General Motors, uses a two-stroke engine in a “p

19、ower pod“ at the rear of the vehicle. The engine has been developed from an East German design and weighs 40% less than a conventional engine but produces as much power. It is expected to run cleanly enough to qualify as an ultra-low emissions vehicle under Californias tough new rules.（分数：6.44）(1).W

20、hy does the author mention Star Wars in paragraph 1?（分数：0.46）A.To tell the reader where they can find this kind of new car.B.To make his description more interesting to attract the readers attention.C.To show that the new car is so designed that it is startlingly different.D.To tell the readers the

21、new car can only exit in an imaginative world.(2).The word daring paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to（分数：0.46）A.adventurous.B.fearless.C.spiritual.D.cowardly.(3).According to paragraph 1, the Racoon crosses water by（分数：0.46）A.swimming.B.raising its nose.C.using hydrojets.D.using a glass bubble.(4).

22、According to paragraph 2, renault is most famous for（分数：0.46）A.startlingly different cars.B.family cars.C.advances in design.D.its conservativeness.(5).The word that in paragraph 3, refers to（分数：0.46）A.the new freedom in design.B.the development of new and complicated products.C.making sure the diff

23、erent parts of a new product suit each other.D.the laborious working done on drawing and building a new products.(6).According to paragraph 4, Renault test drove the Racoon（分数：0.46）A.over rocky terrain.B.in actual reality.C.over French country roads.D.in virtual reality.(7).The word style in paragra

24、ph 5 is closest in meaning to（分数：0.46）A.fashionable.B.attractive.C.typical.D.colorful.(8).Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 6 about car making materials?（分数：0.46）A.Their advances are highly dependent on car industry.B.They are very important for the development of car industry.C.

25、Their advances are even more difficult than those of car industry.D.Steels will be no longer used in car making in the new future.(9).All of the following is mentioned in paragraph 6 as an ingredient of a composite EXCEPT（分数：0.46）A.oil.B.resin.C.glass.D.steel.(10).Look at the four squares that indic

26、ate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. His company develops and tests prototypes that have ranged from business aircraft to air racers. Where would the sentence best fit?（分数：0.46）A.Square .B.Square .C.Square .D.Square .(11).Which of the sentences below best expresses the ess

27、ential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.（分数：0.46）A.The petrol engine will be removed and electric motors will provide power for the new car.B.Renault plans to replace the petrol engine wi

28、th a generator, which would provide power for the Racoon.C.The Raccon will be made from heat- resisting ceramics and there will be no steel used in it.D.The petrol engine will be replaced by gas turbine, which was made from composites.(12).In the future cars might be put together like（分数：0.46）A.comp

29、osite shells.B.plastic kits.C.electric motors.D.aircrafts.(13).According to paragraph 10, the advantage of the Ultralite engine is that it（分数：0.46）A.is 40% lighter than other car engines.B.produces much more power.C.is developed from an East German design.D.run cleanly enough to qualify as an ultra-

30、low emissions vehicle._BSet 2/BBJob Satisfaction and Personnel Mobility/BEurope, and indeed all the major industrialized nations, is currently going through a recession. This obviously has serious implications for companies and personnel who find themselves victims of the downturn. As Britain appare

31、ntly eases out of recession, there are also potentially equally serious implications for the companies who survive, associated with the employment and recruitment market in general.During a recession, voluntary staff turnover is bound to fall sharply. Staff who have been with a company for some year

32、s will clearly not want to risk losing their accumulated redundancy fights. Furthermore, they will be unwelling to go to a new organization where they may well be joining on a “last in, first out“ basis. Consequently, even if there is little or no job satisfaction in their current post, they are mos

33、t likely to remain where they are, quietly sitting it out and waiting for things to improve. In Britain, this situation has been aggravated by the length and nature of the recession-as may also prove to be the case in the rest of Europe and beyond.In the past, companies used to take on staff at the

34、lower levels and reward loyal employees with internal promotions. This opportunity for a lifetime career with one company is no longer available, owing to downsizing“ of companies, structural reorganizations and redundancy programmes, all of which have affected middle management as much asthe lower

35、levels. This reducetion in the layers of management has led to flatter hierarchies, which, in turn, has reduced promotion prospects within most companies. Whereas ambitious personnel had become used to regular promotion, they now find their progress is blocked.This situation is compounded by yet ano

36、ther factor. When staff at any level are taken on, it is usually from outside and promotion is increasingly through career moves between companies. Recession has created a new breed of bright young graduates, much more self-interested and cynical than in the past. They tend to be more wary, sceptica

37、l of what is on offer and consequently much tougher negotiators. Those who joined companies directly from education feel the effects most strongly and now feel uncertain and insecure in mid-life.In many cases, this has resulted in staff dissatisfaction. Moreover, management itself has contributed to

38、 this general ill-feeling and frustration. The caring image of the recent past has gone and the fear of redundancy is often used as the prime motivator.As a result of all these factors, when the recession eases and people find more confidence, there will be an explosion of employees seeking new oppo

39、rtunities to escape their current jobs. This will be led by younger, less-experienced employees and the hard-headed young graduates. “Headhunters“ confirm that older staff are still cautious, having seen so many good companies “go to the wall“, and are reluctant to jeopardize their redundancy entitl

40、ements. Past experience, however, suggests that, once triggered, the expansion in recruitment will be very rapid.The problem which faces many organizations is one of strategic planning; of not knowing who will leave and who will stay. Often it is the best personnel who move on whilst the worst cling

41、 to the little security they have. Whilst this expansion in the recruitment market is likely to happen soon in Britain, most employers are simply not prepared. With the loss of middle management, in a static marketplace, personnel management and recruitment are often conducted by junior personnel. T

42、hey have only known recession and lack the experience to plan ahead and to implement strategies for growth. This is tree of many other functions, leaving companyies without the skills, ability or vision to structure themselves for long-term growth. Without this ability to recruit competitively for s

43、trategic planning, and given the speed at which these changes are likely to occur, a real crisis seems imminent.（分数：5.52）(1).The word implication in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to（分数：0.46）A.consequence.B.significance.C.recession.D.association.(2).The word bound in paragraph 2 is closest in mea

44、ning to（分数：0.46）A.necessary.B.possible.C.very likely.D.quick.(3).According to paragraph 2, many staff are not leaving their jobs because they（分数：0.46）A.will lose their redundancy rights.B.would join a new company on a “last in, first out“ basis.C.are waiting for the economy to pick up.D.are dissatis

45、fied with their current position.(4).Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 3? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.（分数：0.46）A.The economic recession has forced the companies

46、to reduce the number of staff of all levels and to reorganize their structures.B.The staff will find no opportunity to be promoted owing to the structural reorganizations and redundancy programmes.C.The “downsizing“ of companies will bring about more job dissatisfaction among the staff of all levels

47、.D.The staff can no longer get lifetime position and the “downsizing“ of companies has affected all levels of personnel.(5).According to paragraph 3, in stating that the reduction in the layers of management has brought about flatter hierarchies, the author means that the structure of companies will

48、 become（分数：0.46）A.more flexible.B.more complicated.C.simpler.D.more dynamic.(6).Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the ambitious personnel?（分数：0.46）A.They have to look elsewhere for promotion.B.They will stay and wait for things to improve.C.They will be replaced by bright

49、 young graduates.D.They will gradually get used to the new environment.(7).Compared to the old staff, new graduates are（分数：0.46）A.more likely to be promoted.B.better educated and more qualified for their works.C.brighter and more highly motivated.D.more skeptical and less trusting.(8).They word This in paragraph 6 refers to the（分数：0.46）A.sharp increase in the number of people seeking new job.B.situation in